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Due to the different characteristics of host plants and pathogens, macroscopic symptoms are often divided into two aspects: pathology and symptoms.
The external characteristics of diseased plants. There are generally the following types.
Discoloration refers to discoloration of the entire plant, the entire leaf or part of the leaf. The main manifestations are chlorosis and yellowing. Others are changes in other shades such as purple or red. The darker leaves become blue-green or the surface of the leaves is metallic (silver leaf disease). Non-uniform discoloration of the leaves, such as the common mosaic, is formed by irregular shades of green or yellow-green. The discolored part of the irregular patch is mottled, and the ring is a concentric spot consisting of a ring spot or several ring spots and a line discoloration line pattern. The mosaic symptoms of monocotyledons are irregular discoloration such as stripes or dots between parallel veins. Symptoms of discoloration along the veins include veins and veins, and flower color changes to green. Discoloration symptoms are caused by damage or inhibition of chlorophyll or other pigments. Often manifested in plant viral diseases and some non-invasive diseases, such as chlorosis of plants in the absence of iron in the soil, nitrogen deficiency is yellow, too much salt accumulation in the soil or other toxic substances cause the plants to turn yellow or redden . Some diseases caused by mycoplasma often show yellowing.
Necrosis of local cells and tissue death. Symptoms vary depending on the site of necrosis. The local necrosis on the leaves is called the leaf spot; there are various shapes and manifestations: the ring-shaped ring is a necrotic ring spot or lenticular spot; and the etched pit is only the necrosis of the epidermis cells, and the different shapes of the etched lines are called the line respectively. Pattern and oak leaf pattern. The perforation occurs when the necrotic tissue leaves off. Various organs can produce local necrosis, such as stem spot necrosis (stem seed stalk necrosis manifests as falling or falling), fruit on the necrosis. The necrosis of internal tissues included brown spots, net rot and black hearts within tubers, brown death of vascular bundles, necrosis of phloem, and fruit bitterness.
Decomposes and disintegrates whole tissues and cells that rot. Plant roots, stems, flowers, and fruits can occur, especially in young tissues. When the tissue rots, water and other substances can flow out as the cells dissolve. When the cell digestion is slow, the water in the decayed tissue will evaporate in time to form a dry rot. If the infected fruit is infected and rotted, the stagnant fruit is formed. Conversely, if the digestion of the cells is rapid and the decayed tissue cannot be dehydrated in time, wet rot or soft rot will form. Some pathogenic bacteria and fungi secrete pectinase, which decomposes the mesial layer that connects the cells, resulting in cell segregation, death or decomposition of inclusions. The efflux of decomposition products from cells or tissues at the affected site is called abnormal secretion, and its properties are similar to those of rot. The flow of glue that flows out of the diseased body; the condi- tions of coniferous plants spilled out of resin; the flow of milk that flows out of the emulsion; and the outflow of the sap that cannot solidify is called flow.
The wilting in wilt disease is irreversible wilting caused by the poisoning of the plant transport system by the pathogen or the obstruction of the diseased tissue. The wilting caused by the vascular bundles of the common roots or main stems is mostly plant-wide, and the damage to the vascular bundles of the petiole or part of the veins is localized.
The phenomenon of shrinkage, curling, dwarfing, clumping, plexiform branches, hair roots, tumors, flower organs and seed metamorphosis, etc., occur in the deformed and susceptible plant tissues and organs. Dwarf is an inhibitory lesion in the entire plant, poor growth and development, plant dwarfism. Cluster clusters are only the shortening of the spindle section, or the number of internodes is also reduced, but the size of the blade is still normal. The abnormal increase of shoots results in the formation of arbuscular branches. The increase of roots or abnormal overshooting of roots results in the formation of roots. Tumors occur in roots, stems and leaves. Stems and veins can form protuberant hyperplasia, such as ear, herpes, hedgehog and organ hyperplasia. In addition, the plants will also have changes in growth habits or symmetry, such as changes in wilting to erectness. There are also many lesions that occur after the leaves are affected. For example, the leaves become smaller, the entire leaves become nicked leaves, the leaf surface is formed by the uneven folds, and the leaves are rolled up or down along the main vein to form leaflets. Changes in various parts of the flower that turn into green leafy leaves are special changes.
Pathogenic pathogens are characterized by the site of disease. Mainly: 1 moldy material. The various mold layers produced in the affected parts have great changes in color, texture, and structure, such as downy mildew, cotton mold, green mold, penicillium, gray mold, black mold, red mold, and the like. 2 powder. White or black powder produced by the diseased part. White powder is more common on the surface of the disease; black powder is more common after the plant organ or tissue is destroyed. 3 rust powder. A pile of small pods formed on the surface of the diseased part. After the rupture, white or rust-like powders were scattered. 4 pellets. The size, shape, and granularity of the diseased part are very different. Some of them are small black particles with a small tip size. They are not easy to separate from the tissue. They are fungal conidial or ascostic shells; some are different in shape, size, and color. Particles, fungal sclerotia. 5 rhiform bacteria. Purple clues from the roots of susceptible plants and nearby soil. 6 bacteria pus. Adhesive pus formed in the diseased part, and formed a white film or tan colored colloidal particles after drying, which is a unique symptom of bacterial diseases. Mechanism of occurrence The symptoms of a plant after it has been affected are due to deterioration of its cells, tissues or organs. Many fungi and bacteria as well as nematodes can secrete various enzymes that can decompose and destroy the cells or tissues of plants, resulting in necrosis or rot.
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Plant disease symptoms
Pathological characteristics of disease-susceptible plants that occur under the influence of pathogens or adverse environmental conditions, their physiology, tissue structure, and morphology. The lesions that can be directly observed by the naked eye are called macroscopic symptoms; lesions that can be discerned with the help of a microscope are called microscopic symptoms. Microscopic symptoms are mostly used in the study of diseased cells or diseased tissues. They only have a certain reference value in the diagnosis of viral diseases in plants, such as the observation of necrotic cells in phloem, the presence or absence of proliferative structures in screen tubes and catheters, and The forms and types of various inclusion bodies that appear in diseased cells infected with viral diseases.