The purpose of greenhouse cultivation in early spring is to supply peppers for the spring and summer markets. The breeding period of the pepper is in the cold winter season. After the planting, the outside temperature gradually rises. The temperature and light conditions are favorable to the growth of the pepper, and the harvest period is earlier than that of the large and medium shed peppers, and the previous period yield is relatively high. According to the growth of the pepper plants and the market demand, it can also delay the harvest before the beginning of autumn. Early spring cultivation is one of the main ways of greenhouse pepper production. 1.1 selection of excellent disease-resistant varieties In order to meet the market demand for fresh chili, to adapt to the production characteristics of the red pepper, mainly large pepper, such as the new pepper No. 3, Xinjiao No. 6, can also choose mild types of varieties, such as Tianjin pepper No. 3, Zhongjiao No. 3 and so on. 1.2 Cultivating disease-free strong seedlings 1.2.1 Preparation before sowing can use electric hotbed nursery. 1.2.2 Seeding in Bozhou area, the suitable sowing date for this pepper is December mid-December. The method of seeding after germination is used for production, and then covered after sowing. 1.2.3 Seedling management can be kept close to the bed cover a layer of plastic film moisturizing after sowing, timely removal after emergence, after the cover on the bed O. 3 cm thick layer of fine soil to prevent bed surface cracks. After the seedlings are released, the bed temperature is lowered, and the temperature management is grasped as: high during the day and low at night; high in sunny days and low in cloudy days. The soil temperature is generally controlled at about 20°C. Try to increase the time and intensity of light, and do not make the humidity in the bed too high to avoid seedling disease. If the seedling lacks water, it can be replenished with water in the sunny morning, and the seedlings can be cultivated at low temperature for 3 to 4 days before seedlings. Split seedlings in 3 to 4 true leaves, can be divided into the seedbed or nutrient bowl, raise the bed temperature within 3 to 5 days after seedling, in case of high temperature and strong light, you can use cover curtain shading methods to prevent seedlings Weary. 1.3 Colonization 1.3.1 Preparation before planting Before harvesting, immediately remove any debris on the surface of the stubble weeds. Dip 20-30 cm deep, then close the fumigation. Sulfur powder 4 grams per cubic meter, 80% dichlorvos One gram and 8 grams of sawdust ignite, close for a day and night, and then open the vents to make a fume. Each acre is applied with high-quality farmyard manure or fermented biogas slurry of 5 OOO to 6 O0O kg, diammonium phosphate and potassium sulphate of 30 kilograms each, mixed with the soil and leveled, and the irrigation under the membrane can increase the ground temperature, reduce the humidity, and reduce the disease. Where conditions permit, drip irrigation systems can be installed under the membrane. 1.3.2 Colonization When the seedling grows to 15-20 cm, there are 9 to 11 true leaves that have been colonized. Before the planting, the seedlings shall be properly cultivated, diseased seedlings, hybrid seedlings and weak seedlings shall be eliminated, grading according to their size, and seedlings shall be treated with medicaments so as to prevent the seedlings and insects from entering the greenhouse. See the comprehensive pest control techniques for specific methods. It is usually planted in mid-February and selected on a sunny morning with a cold tail warmer. The method of colonization of one planting plant with one hole or two plants with one planting point is adopted for pepper cultivation. When planting, first plant a hole on the ridge by 25 to 30 centimeters, and use the method of watering the seedling first. After the end of colonization, sub-film irrigation can be used to pour a stable seedling water, and then seal the hole with soil. Righting the pepper seedlings, cultivate soil as appropriate to prevent down seedlings. 1.4 The management of seedlings during the seedling period does not release air during the seedling-retaining period, and a small shed is detained at night so that the daytime temperature can be maintained at 28-32°C and 18-20°C at night. In case of obvious cooling weather, it is necessary to heat fire in a timely manner to keep the night temperature above 10°C. During this period, only sapling water was poured in the underdrain of the membrane. 1.5 Management during the flowering period This period is in mid and late March. The temperature and ground temperature in the greenhouse have picked up and the lighting conditions have improved. The daytime temperature is maintained at 25-28°C and nighttime at 15-20°C. If the night temperature is too high (greater than 20°C), the plants are susceptible to senescence; if the night temperature is too low (less than 15°C), proneness may occur. In the management of fertilizer and water, it is critical to sit in door pepper (3 cm in length). After the seedling water is poured, it is generally not necessary to water before the door peppers are sitting. After the door peppers are swollen, the top dressing and watering are started. With the water, topdressing 10 kg of urea and 15 kg of diammonium phosphate. 1.6 Results Management Since this period has reached April, the weather is gradually warming, and the warm and light conditions in the greenhouse have fully met the growth needs of peppers. The daytime temperature is maintained at 25 to 30°C, nighttime at 15 to 18°C, and ground temperature at 18 to 20°C. Gradually increase the air volume as the weather gets warmer and prevent the plants from causing flowers and falling fruit due to high temperature and humidity. When the external minimum temperature exceeds 15°C, push the bottom film to the greenhouse shoulder 1.5 meters, stay up late, and play a role in preventing rain and weakening the light. In the management of fertilizer and water, enter the full fruit period and top-dress 2 to 3 times, respectively, after the pepper and Simendou peppers are sitting. The amount of water needed for peppers is small, and the first 6 to 7 days are used to pour water once; in summer, the water must be treated with increasing temperature, and the watering should be carried out in the sunny morning. Every 15 days with the water to recover a fertilizer, each with 30 kg of urea or 20 kg of diammonium phosphate or organic fertilizer or biogas slurry 1 000 kg, to prevent premature aging of plants, watering and fertilizer to be carried out in the ditch. In the middle and late, we must use O. 3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed on the leaves. 1.7 Flower Protection and Plant Adjustment In the early flowering period, due to the low temperature and lack of light, it is easy to drop flowers. In production, the main purpose is to improve the lighting and thermal insulation performance of the greenhouse, and to increase the amount of stored heat to prevent flowering and fruit falling. In order to avoid excessive foliage, increase ventilation, greenhouse pepper plant adjustments in time, to fight as soon as possible below the side of the pepper side branches. After entering the full fruit period, the lower old leaves and yellow leaves should be promptly removed, and some old branches and leggy branches should be cut off. 1.8 Harvesting Peppers and peppers should be harvested as soon as possible to prevent falling. The subsequent fruits should be harvested after they are fully grown. Take care to prevent breaking branches when harvesting. 1.9 Pruning regeneration Early spring peppers can be regenerated using pruning, and they can be cultivated in the summer. The specific approach is: in the middle and early July, the upper branches of the results of the four-door fighting can be cut, leaving only 4 tillers per plant, and spraying 20% ​​50% thiophanate-methyl 800 times in time to prevent viral diseases. . Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, applying 2 000 to 3 000 kilograms of manure or mature biogas slurry per acre. One week later, 0.5%-1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was used for foliar dressing to promote new shoots and a new fruit was harvested one month later. 2. Late-season cultivation of greenhouse peppers without pollution The goal of late autumn cultivation of greenhouses is to adjust the harvest peak of peppers from early frost to the end of January. After short-term storage, its products can be supplied to the Spring Festival. Due to the high temperature in the early growth stage of this pepper cultivation, the temperature drops sharply in the later period, and attention should be paid to the following points in cultivation: 2.1 Selection of good disease-resistant varieties Select disease resistance, high temperature resistance, low temperature resistance and weak light illumination. Such as the new pepper 6, Jinjia 3, King Horn and so on. 2.2 cultivate disease-free strong seedlings This period of nursery is in the summer hot and dry season. The key to nursery is locust control, high temperature and virus disease. Shading measures must be taken throughout the seedling period. 2.3 Planting Soil preparation and fertilization are early in the spring, but they are not covered with plastic film. Colonization should be conducted on cloudy days or evenings. 50 cm in row spacing and 60 cm in row spacing. After the water diversion, the seedlings were planted at a distance of 30 cm. The earthworms were to be leveled with the ground and sealed on the second day. Two plants per hole, more than 7 000 plants per acre. After planting, shade nets should be installed to ease the seedlings. 2.4 Post-planting management When the planting is in the high temperature season, the amount of water evaporation is large, watering immediately after planting, and depending on the situation can be connected with irrigation 2 to 3 times, until completely slow seedlings. After easing the seedlings, the cultivator will weed and weed the soil as appropriate. When the door is peppered and set fruit, it begins to top-dressing, with organic fertilizer applied per acre of water or 2 000 kg of mature biogas slurry or 15 kg of compound fertilizer. One month later, the second top dressing was done. Grasp the warm and light conditions of the most favorable pepper growth and development in the 8th and 9th months, and strengthen water and fertilizer management, so that the single fruit grows to 80-100 grams in the end of September. 2.5 Bonding and post management At the end of August and early September, when the night temperature is lower than 15°C, the bottom film should be put down at night. The temperature should be maintained at 25-30°C during the day and 16-18°C during the night. When the night temperature is lower than 10°C, the grass curtain starts to cover. After entering the month of October, the outside temperature dropped sharply to prevent cold and heat insulation, and the nighttime temperature was not lower than 10°C to prevent cold spots from causing dark spots in the pepper fruits. In the event of cloudy snow weather, immediately after the snow stopped, it was cleaned or uncovered to avoid long-term darkness in the greenhouse, resulting in plant damage. 2.6 Plant Adjustment In order to concentrate the nutrients of the plants, after the fruits were fully inflated at the end of September, all the side branches of the peppers were knocked out and 8 to 10 fruits per plant were ensured. After the end of October, all the branches above the octahedron were cut off to increase ventilation and light transmission, which was conducive to raising the temperature and controlling the occurrence of diseases. To prevent lodging, plant the plants with bamboo rafts every 2 to 3 lines for field operation. 2.7 Harvest Pepper must be harvested in time to prevent falling. After entering the middle growth period, it is necessary to delay harvesting and improve economic efficiency. From late November to early December, when the minimum temperature in the greenhouse drops below 10°C, a one-time harvest should be carried out. Through storage and preservation, it can be listed during the Spring Festival. 3, the main diseases and control of pepper 3.1 Pepper seedling disease prevention and treatment The disease at the seedling stage of pepper is a common disease that often occurs during the nursery season in winter and spring. There are mainly damping-off diseases, blight, and roots. In addition, in the greenhouse, root rot, gray mold, blight, and epidemics are also found at the seedling stage of pepper. 3.1.1 Control methods Pepper seedling disease prevention and treatment should be based on cultivation and disease prevention, combined with comprehensive control measures for the administration of pharmaceuticals. 3.1.2 do a good job in seedbed cultivation management, nurturing strong seedlings, and enhance resistance to disease. The seedbed soil is replaced with Daejeon's new fertile soil every year, and sufficient quality organic fertilizer is applied; the greenhouse insulation work is done; the use of geothermal seedlings; the increase of light, and the enhancement of ventilation. 3.1.3 seed with 55-60 °C warm water soaking or dressing seed dressing. 3.1.4 Disinfection of soil Pharmacology Formamibine or carbendazim powder, according to 8-10 grams per square meter of medicine, first mix the medicine with appropriate amount of fine soil, take 1/3 of the seedling and bed as soil, after sowing the remaining 2/3 for cover soil, sprinkle on the seedbed, cover the soil to the required thickness, cover the film, keep the bed field moist. 3.1.5 first aid measures after the occurrence of Miao disease. In the event of disease at the seedling stage, the diseased plant should be removed immediately, and the diseased area and the surrounding seedlings should be disinfected. The 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder can be sprayed 800-1000 times or 600-800 times the copper sulfate solution to prevent disease expansion. And timely ventilation and humidity, increase lighting. 3.1.6 Chemical control. During nursery, the bed soil is disinfected with metalaxyl manganese zinc. Specific methods are: add 25% metalaxyl manganese zinc per 100 kg of seedbed soil, mix thoroughly, or spray 25% of nail cream per square meter of seedbed. Manganese zinc manganese 8 ~ 12 grams, the adult stage in the early onset of the beginning of the pepper fruit period, every 10 days or so with 25% metalaxyl manganese zinc irrigate 800 times, each strain of liquid volume 100 ~ 150 ml , Continuously irrigated 2 or 3 times. 3.2 Prevention and cure of pepper virus disease 3.2.1. Seeds soaked with 10% trisodium phosphate for 30 minutes before sowing, and then germinated after 3 times of rinsing with fresh water; seedlings are sprayed once with foliar spray of 83-fold increasing agent; 20% virus A 800-1000 times Liquid or 1.5% plant disease spirit 1 000 times, spray once every 5-7 days, and even spray 2 or 3 times. . 3.2.2 selection of disease-resistant varieties. 3.2.3 Elimination of locusts and other viral media. In the pepper seedling stage and after planting, timely control of locusts, maggots and other maggots before poisoning. 3.3 Phytophthora Capsici Disease Control 3.3.1 Ridge planting furrow irrigation. Ridge height 20 cm, ridge width 90 to 100 cm, two rows per ridge, planted in the ridge shoulder, planting a high irrigation well water to water when the irrigation does not overflow the rhizomes prevail. Or the implementation of the groove drenched film, the cultivation method of irrigation water on the membrane, does not make the stem contact with water. 3.3.2 attention to cultivation and disease prevention. The use of two plants in close planting can reduce the surface temperature and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Pay attention to the rotation of the crops, peppers continued for less than 2 years. Timely removal of diseased plants, out of the shed to destroy. 3.3.3 drug control. During nursery, seedling soil is disinfected with metalaxyl manganese zinc. The specific method is: add 25% metalaxyl manganese zinc per 100 kg of seedbed soil, mix thoroughly, or spray 25% of nail cream per square meter of seedbed. Manganese zinc manganese 8 ~ 12 grams, the adult stage in the early onset of the beginning of the pepper fruit period, every 10 days or so with 25% metalaxyl manganese zinc irrigate 800 times, each strain of liquid volume 100 ~ 150 ml , Continuously irrigated 2 or 3 times. 4 main pests and their control 4.1 Locust control 4.1.1 Yellow traps. Hang a yellow plate inside the shed and apply a sticker or No. 0 motor oil on the surface. The height of the suspension is 10 centimeters from the top of the plant, and about 20 or so hangs in each shed. The attached locusts are regularly removed. 4.1.2 Hanging silver-gray reflective film strips in greenhouses or covering the greenhouses with silver-grey shade nets can reduce the damage to locusts. 4.1.3 timely remove weeds around the shed and reduce the source of insects. 4.1.4 Spraying pesticides as early as possible will eliminate the worms at the initial stage. Spray 800 to 1,000 times dimethoate, dichlorvos, and 3 000 to 4 000 times more cypermethrin. Pay attention to exchange medications. 4.2 Whitefly control Pharmacological control with dichlorvos or dimethoate mixed with sawdust in the greenhouse temperature of 10 points fumigation, generally every 7 to 10 days fumigation once continuous fumigation 3 to 4 times combined with 2.5% deltamethrin EC 2 000 ~ 3 000 times or bifenthrin EC 3 000 times or 10% imidacloprid WP 2 000 ~ 3000 times spray, pay attention to spray on the back of the leaf, in order to prevent resistance to whitefly, should be alternate or alternate .
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