Fresh Kiwi,New Crop Kiwi Fruit,New Crop Kiwi Brother International Trading Co., Ltd. , http://www.jn-food.com
Factors affecting the vitamin requirements of livestock
In the best situation of rearing and nutrition, the vitamin requirements of most livestock and poultry have been studied in depth. The animal nutrition committee of the National Academy of Sciences regularly publishes these minimum requirements. However, in the case of commercial livestock breeding encountering different environments and diseases, the actual amount of vitamins required in the feed is much higher than that obtained under ideal experimental conditions. In the best situation of rearing and nutrition, the vitamin requirements of most livestock and poultry have been studied in depth. The animal nutrition committee of the National Academy of Sciences regularly publishes these minimum requirements. However, in the case of commercial livestock breeding encountering different environments and diseases, the actual amount of vitamins required in the feed is much higher than that obtained under ideal experimental conditions. The factors that affect the actual requirement of vitamins for livestock are as follows: I. Genetics Certain livestock have special needs for vitamins due to their genetic relationship. An experienced nutritionist must provide different levels of vitamin requirements for different breeds of livestock. Second, the heat content of feed The livestock feed intake is to meet the energy needs, high heat energy feed formula must contain more vitamins than the low heat energy formula. For example, formulas containing high amounts of fat will have more fat-affecting factors such as cholesterol, and formulas containing high amounts of carbohydrates will need more vitamin B. Third, the environmental factors 1. Temperature: high temperature conversion of carotene to vitamin A poor efficiency, and the stability of all vitamins (especially B1, pantothenic acid ..., etc.) will be reduced, while vitamin C synthesis is also subject to damage. 2. Livestock houses: Livestock kept on concrete ground or in cages have a reduced chance of microbially synthesizing some of the vitamin B groups in the body due to a reduction in the chance of feeding microorganisms on the ground. Fourth, the effectiveness of vitamins in different feeds In yeast, niacin is as effective as pure vitamins, but nicotinic acid in cereals is combined with Other substances like protein, cellulose, etc., and cannot be digested by poultry. break down. 1. Loss in the digestion process: During the process of chewing, swallowing, digestion, absorption and metabolism, some vitamins may be lost or destroyed, which may affect the vitamin requirement in the feed formulation. 2. Parasitism: Earthworms, balls, and capillaries and other intestinal parasites can destroy vitamins, especially vitamins A and K. 3. Bacteria: Bacteria in the intestines can ingest vitamins, but if certain antibiotics are added to fight bacteria, the likelihood of vitamins being destroyed can be reduced. 4. Mold: There is a lot of mold contamination in the feed, which will increase the demand for vitamin E and K. 5. Absorption of glial in feed and digestive system: glia in feed and digestive system, such as colloidal phosphate, bone carbon, activated clay, clay, colloidal phosphate rock, iron hydride, aluminum hydroxide, etc. Gum absorbs vitamins. 6. Chemical destruction: Nitrite or sulfite in feed and drinking water can destroy certain vitamins like A and B. 7. Destructive enzymes: Carotenas in hay and purpura will damage B1, Carotene, thiaminase in raw freshwater fish can destroy vitamin B. 8. Destruction of light: Ultraviolet light and light that is visible to the naked eye can damage vitamins. 9. Feed manufacturing process: The feed manufacturing process, especially granulation, reduces the price of vitamins in feed. 10. Peroxide-unsaturated fats and oils: Peroxides derived from unsaturated fats increase the requirements for fat-soluble vitamins A, B, E, K, etc., especially under unstable conditions with catalytic minerals. VI. Absorption of Interference 1. Intestinal inflammation: Balls and fine hairs and other enteritis caused by the damage to the digestive villi of the small intestine hinder the absorption of vitamins and other nutrients, so more vitamin A is needed during this period because vitamins A can promote the recovery of normal gastrointestinal epithelial tissue. 2. The amount of fat in the feed: In order to fully absorb the fat-soluble vitamins, the amount of fat in the formula must be minimized. The mineral oil can take away the undissolved vitamins in the intestine and also affect the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. 3. Raw protein in raw eggs: Proteins in raw proteins are combined with life-giving ingredients, leading to a lack of life-giving elements. 4. Competition at the delivery site: All fat-soluble vitamins are transported along with the lipoproteins in the blood, thus leading to increased competition by the delivery agency. VII. Biosynthesis 1. All animal synthesis: (1) Vitamin C: Under normal circumstances, livestock and poultry can synthesize vitamin C, but in the hot environment, the synthesis of ascorbic acid is insufficient. (2) Vitamin D: In the sunlight and ultraviolet light, the animal's epidermis will synthesize vitamin D. If sunlight is sufficient, the animal itself will produce enough vitamin D. 2. Partial synthesis: (1) Poultry can convert tryptophan to nicotinic acid. (2) In the condition of sufficient vitamin B12, folic acid and methionine, poultry can self-synthesize some of the choline. VIII. Special anti-metabolism 1. Anti-vitamin K: Like Sulfapuinoxaline, dicumarol, and warfarin are all potent anti-vitamin K. Under normal conditions and treatment levels, it may increase the vitamin K requirement by 10 times. the amount. 2. Anti-vitamin B1: Aprolium, exythiamin Pyrithiami are all anti-vitamin B1. 3. Flax kernel powder contains anti-vitamin B6. 4. The lettuce beans contain anti-vitamin E. Nine, the interrelation of metabolism Cartilage: the proportion of calcium, phosphorus increased, vitamin D needs increased. Lactose and lactic acid in feed can enhance the absorption of calcium and may also affect the demand for vitamin D. The ratios of manganese, zinc, and calcium and phosphorus can affect the requirements of choline, nicotinic acid, folic acid and life factors. Copper, iron, molybdenum and other elements will affect the demand for vitamin B1. High-protein feeds increase the demand for vitamin A. X. Hormones Parathyroid hormones affect the need for vitamin D. Pararenin affects vitamin C, A, B, and folic acid. Eleven, the impact of disease Ball disease, Newtown chicken, parasites, cholera, vitamin needs will change. Twelve, urgent and urgent, will affect the needs of vitamin A, C, folic acid and pantothenic acid