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First, there are three types of commonly used machinery: First, the harvesting machinery, mainly small forage harvester or cutting machine. At present, most provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) all produce such machinery. The variety and types of the products are also stable. The second is the thresher, which can be divided into simple and semi-duplex. There are many models and the use is very extensive. Farmers can choose according to the supporting power, wheat varieties and the requirements of wheat straw, the location of threshing, artificial and other factors. Generally speaking, when the threshing site is small With less labor and less work volume, a simple type thresher should be used. On the other hand, a semi-duplex type thresher should be used. The third is the combine harvester. At present, most of the combine harvesters used to harvest wheat in China are fully fed, and they can be classified into three types: self-propelled, traction and suspension. Different types and models of combine harvesters have different characteristics, and their performance and quality are also basically pass. Guilin No.2 and No.3 produced by Guangxi Guilin Combine Harvester Co., Ltd. currently used in production; 2.5-traction, 3-type, and 5-type self-propelled produced by Xinjiang Combine Plant; Siping Combine Harvester Factory Production of Dongfeng series, E514; Jiamusi combine harvester plant production of self-propelled combine harvester and Beijing combine harvester plant production of 4LZ series.
Second, technical requirements
1. In the combined harvesting process, the total harvesting loss should be no more than 3%, the leakage cutting rate should be less than 1%, and the denitrification rate should be above 98%. The timely harvesting period should be selected from the middle to the end of the yellow ripening stage.
2. The sub-harvesting operation requires that the base of the cut straw stems be arranged neatly in the field, with a total loss rate of 8% or less. The timely harvesting period should be selected from the early to middle stage of wax ripening. 3. When the threshing operation is required, the total loss rate should not exceed 2%, and the de-purchase rate should be above 98%.
Third, the operation essentials
1. Field preparations before operation 1 Field survey. Before harvesting, you should go down to the fields to understand the growth status of wheat, lodging conditions, and roads leading to the fields. 2 Remove obstacles in the fields, flat ditches, danger zones, etc.; Cut the road and prepare for an official boot.
2. Pre-harvest mechanical preparation 1. Before harvest, comprehensive inspections and adjustments are required. The focus is on the walking part, header, threshing mechanism, and engine of the harvester, so that the whole machine can reach a good technical condition; 2 Strict test operation should be Including the engine no-load test run, the whole machine in place and empty operation, the whole load test run; 3 auxiliary machinery preparation, according to the power of the harvester, model reasonable matching transport grain, threshing, straw transport machinery; 4 vulnerable Preparation of spare parts, such as cutting knives, transmission belts, etc.
IV. Precautions Before starting the machine, read the operating instructions of the harvesting machine and strictly follow the instructions for use. In addition, the following matters should be noted:
1. Before the harvester is officially cut, it should be tested in the well-grown plots of wheat to check the quality of the overhaul and adjustment of the machine, and to further adjust the machine so that it can meet the requirements of large-area harvesting. At the beginning of the trial cut, the low speed should be used. The cut width is 1/3, and gradually increase to normal speed and cut width. During the trial-cutting process, it is necessary to check whether the work of each part is normal and adjust it if necessary.
2. The driving speed of the harvester should be determined according to its own feeding amount and the variety, height, yield and maturity of the crop. Generally, the threshing mechanism is used at full load, and the cleaning organization works normally. The route of operation of the machine should take into account the convenience of unloading the grain and pay attention to the cutting knife drive against the open space that has been cut.
3. In the wheat field, the harvesting of corn or other crops should be based on the row spacing and specifications of the interplanting crops, so as to avoid rolling the interplanted crops and raising the cuttings to prevent the cutting of corn seedlings. Wait.
4. When the thresher is placed, pay attention to the direction of the wind. It is advisable to place the feeding inlet in the upper wind, and put the grass in the mouth and the rake in the row. After starting the machine, it is not busy feeding. It is necessary to observe whether the direction of rotation of the drum is correct and whether the rotation is stable. After feeding, there is no abnormality. When working, the machine operator should stand in front of the feeding entrance, and the feeding amount should be even and not forced to push. If a failure occurs, it must be eliminated after the drum is stopped.
Corn harvesting mechanization technology Corn harvesting mechanization technology is based on the agronomic requirements of corn harvest, using machinery instead of artificial one-time harvesting, picking ears, ear packing crates, straw crushing and other fields of technology.
In the late 1980s, China began to import a batch of KCKY-6 self-propelled and planetary four-row and six-row corn combine harvesters produced by the former Soviet Union. After more than ten years of experiments and demonstrations, it has achieved good results. On this basis, it has organized and produced single-line, double-line, three-line tractors, self-propelled and backpack corn harvesters, such as the Harvest-2 base type and 4YL-1 type, and the harvest-2 bedroom supporting iron cattle-55 Or Dongfanghong-75 traction, with 2 sets of transport vehicles, a full set of units can work 70-80 acres per shift, this unit is more suitable for China's northeast, North China and other corn production areas and state-owned farms operating, 4YL-l corn The single-row harvester is suitable for harvesting -180 type or Shenniu-25 medium-sized tractors, with an hourly productivity of 1-1.5 mu. This machine is suitable for small-scale farmer households. The corn stripping rate of the domestic corn harvesting machinery is generally 70%-95%, and the flakes, damages and losses of the grains are also small.
I. Technical requirements Corn combine harvesters require a number of operations such as harvesting, picking, peeling, and stalk crushing. Cutting height requirements in the 10-12 cm ear stripping the net rate should be more than 70%, grain loss should be less than 2%.
Second, the operation essentials
1. The preparations for the field before the operation mainly include the field survey before harvest, the understanding of the growth of corn, the status of lodging, the removal of roads and field obstacles to the fields, etc.
2. Pre-harvest mechanical preparation 1 Before the harvest, the corn harvester shall be inspected and adjusted in an all-round manner so that the whole machine can achieve a good technical condition; 2) Trial operation, no-load test run of the engine, complete machine air-running and load test run; 3 The preparation of auxiliary machinery is based on the power of the harvester, model selection and transportation of grain, corn smashing and returning machinery, etc. 4 Preparation of vulnerable parts, such as cutters, reeds, and transmission chains.
Third, pay attention to the operation In addition to working in accordance with the requirements of the instructions, but also pay attention to the following two points:
1. Before the official opening of the plot, trials should be conducted on the well-grown plots of the maize, and necessary adjustments should be made to select and determine appropriate walking speeds, number of rows to be harvested, and walking routes.
2. In the corn ridge cultivation area, the corn harvesting unit should be selected according to the row spacing and ridge size of corn. For example, in the corn ridge area in northeastern China, it is not appropriate to use a single row harvester, but should choose 3 rows, 4 rows and 6 rows of corn. The harvester is suitable for harvesting 2 rows, 3 rows, or 4 rows.
Wheat and corn harvest mechanization technology
Wheat harvesting mechanization technology varies according to local natural conditions, farming cultivation systems, economic conditions, and technical levels. At present, there are two types of wheat mechanical harvesting methods used in China: Harvesting, threshing, and cleaning are performed at one time by a combine harvester. The combined harvesting method of other operations; the other is the use of windrowers and on-site operating machinery to complete harvesting, threshing, cleaning and other operations of the sub-harvest. No matter which kind of harvesting method, compared with the traditional artificial harvesting method, it can not only greatly increase the labor productivity and reduce the labor intensity, but also can grab the time of farming, raise the temperature and contribute to the growth of the crop after harvest; at the same time, it also reduces the loss of harvest and promotes The harvest of wheat is abundant.