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The physiological functions of potassium are numerous. Potassium is closely related to plant moisture. It can maintain the cell's water content affect cell swelling pressure, so that plants stand upright; also can adjust the degree of stomatal opening, control the amount of transpiration. Potassium acts on long-distance transport of water and various assimilation compounds in plants. It can improve the drought resistance of plants. Potassium is responsible for maintaining the acid-base balance in the cell and maintaining balance with various organic and inorganic acid (chloride, sulfate, etc.) anions. Potassium is the activator of more than 60 enzymes.
Potassium is essential for cell growth. It can increase the cell wall thickness and make the crop resistant to lodging and disease resistance. In cold weather, a large amount of potassium ions enter the cells and together with sugars enhance the cold resistance of plants. Potassium can increase flowering and fruit setting rate, prevent flowering and fruit drop, and can also promote flowering. Potassium promotes early flowering and early maturation of crops. Potassium is known as a quality element because it has a significant effect on improving the quality of fruit and vegetables and extending the freshness period.
Plants absorb potassium in the form of potassium ions. Potassium is mainly concentrated in straw and leaves, and seed is less in reality.
Potassium is very active in plants, and it is easy to transfer from aging tissue to young tissue. The potassium-depleted plants are first yellow and scorch on the tips and leaf edges of the old leaves, and gradually spread to the interlobular tissues. The symptoms are from the lower leaf to the upper part. The leaves spread.
Excessive potassium is very rare. Potassium oversized plants have less fruit. Sometimes excessive potassium causes calcium deficiency and magnesium deficiency.
Potassium generally circulates in the soil-plant-animal world. Potassium enters the herbivore more than the potassium that enters the food grain animal. The minerals that provide potassium in the soil are mainly feldspar and mica, which are decomposed by microbial activity and release water-soluble potassium ions. Soil temperature, humidity, aeration, pH, microbial population and other conditions affect the rate and amount of potassium release. Water-soluble potassium ions are easily adsorbed and fixed on soil clay particles, and the loss of leaching is not large. If the potassium fertilizer is not absorbed and utilized in time after being applied to the soil, it will be quickly fixed in the soil and will be used after the microbial decomposition.
The content of potassium in organic fertilizers is generally not high, and the relatively high potassium content is compost of crop straws and feces of herbivores. The potassium content of chicken manure is relatively low.
Potassium mines exist in the form of underground solid salt deposits and dead lakes, and brines in the Dead Sea, in the form of chlorides, sulfates, and nitrates.
Potassium chloride fertilizers are extracted directly from salt mines and brines at low cost, with large production volumes in Canada and Russia. Potassium chloride fertilizers will retain chloride ions in the soil and should not be used for chlorine-tolerant crops. The long-term use of potassium chloride fertilizer can easily cause the increase of soil salt index, cause calcium deficiency, compaction and acidification in the soil. Lime and calcium fertilizers should be used in combination. Most other potash production is related to potassium chloride.
Potassium sulphate fertilizer will have residual sulfate ion in the soil, and it will easily cause soil salt index increase, consolidation and acidification after long-term use. Lime and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer should be used in combination.
Potassium sulfate should not be used in paddy fields because the redox potential under flooding conditions is low, and sulfate ions are easily reduced to sulfides, resulting in the blackening of the plant roots.
Potassium nitrate fertilizer is the most suitable potash fertilizer for plant absorption and utilization. Its salt index is very low and there are no residual ions. Its weight ratio of nitrogen to potassium is 1:3, which is exactly the ratio of nitrogen and potassium nutrients absorption of various crops. Potassium nitrate has good solubility and can be applied not only to irrigation, but also to foliar spray. Preparation of nutrient solution is generally inseparable from potassium nitrate.
Due to historical reasons, the potassium content of fertilizers is generally expressed in terms of potassium oxide equivalents. To be converted into pure potassium, it must be converted: potassium oxide 0.83 = pure potassium; pure potassium 1.2 = potassium oxide.
Potassium cycle and balance
The symbol of potassium is K. Potassium and nitrogen are the two most important elements of all nutrient elements. Although potassium is not a constituent element of plant structure, it is one of the most important elements in plant physiological activity.