High-quality rice cultivation techniques
First, the main factors affecting rice quality Rice quality is determined by a variety of factors, can be divided into genetic factors (quality) and non-genetic factors (soil, fertilizer, water, pesticides, etc.) two categories. 1. Effect of genetic factors on the quality of rice Genetic factors are the control of the quality of the genes, manifested in the differences in the quality of rice between different varieties, and the relative stability between the parents and children of the same species. It plays a role in the quality of rice. Determine the role. The selection of high-quality, high-product varieties that have been approved and have suitable growth periods and strong disease resistance is required for production. 2. Effect of temperature on rice quality The influence of temperature on rice quality is various: (1) The effect of temperature on the appearance quality of rice. The high temperature from flowering to mature stage can significantly shorten the ripening days, resulting in poor brown rice filling after ripening, large chalkiness, low transparency of embryos, incomplete grain, low polished rice rate and whole polished rice rate, and dull rice grains. The effective accumulated temperature during ripening is inversely related to the transparency of rice grains. (2) The high temperature during ripening has a significant effect on protein and amino acid content. The maturation temperature (30°C) can increase the protein content by 5.6% to 16.5%, while the lower temperature (17°C) reduces the protein. The high water temperature (30 °C) during the filling stage can significantly increase the protein content, and the effect of low water temperature (17 °C) on the protein content is not obvious. The temperature of the amino acid synthesis performance in the high temperature to reduce the total content of amino acids, the suitable temperature of the daily temperature of 28 °C, night temperature of about 21 °C. (3) The amylose content of rice is less affected by temperature, while the amylose content of rice with moderate or high amylose content is strongly affected by temperature. These varieties are high amylose content at high temperatures and natural temperatures. At moderate temperatures, the amylose content will decrease to medium, thus improving the quality; for the medium amylose content, the amylose content will decline more. The amylose content of japonica rice decreased with the increase of the average temperature. (4) The temperature has a significant effect on the cooking and consumption of rice. According to research, during the filling period, the temperature is high, the gelatinization temperature increases, and the gel consistency becomes hard. When the climate is cool during grouting, the smell of rice is thicker, and vice versa. High-quality rice varieties require deep-seed field, with high temperature in the early stage (21°C-38°C) and low temperature in the later stage (15°C-28°C). 3. Effects of light intensity on rice quality. Insufficient light at the late growth stage of high-quality rice will affect photosynthesis, especially in the case of excessive nutrient growth, field closure, and poor ventilation and light transmission. The occurrence of chalky rice will increase. However, the light is too strong and the temperature is increased accordingly, shortening the ripening process and increasing the rate of chalkiness. In addition, light intensity is too strong and too weak will reduce the protein content. 4. Effect of fertilization on rice quality Among the various fertilizers, the most prominent one affecting rice quality is nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen control in the middle of growth can increase the quality of rice. Applying nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage can not only reduce the rate of chalkiness, but also effectively increase the protein content. Nitrogen application at heading stage can not only delay the occurrence of chalkiness, reduce chalkiness and chalkiness, but also increase the protein content of brown rice. The effective measures are increased by 8%-24%. However, studies have shown that an excessive increase in protein content in rice will lead to a decrease in rice yield. Therefore, it is not possible to simply increase the protein content and apply nitrogen fertilizer in production. In addition, fertilization can also affect the taste quality of rice. According to the research, basal fat does not affect the taste, but top dressing has a significant impact; while granular fertilizer has a significant decrease in the taste while reducing protein content (protein content and taste are negatively correlated); panicle fat does not necessarily increase protein content, but It can significantly reduce the taste of rice. 5. Effects of water and soil type on rice quality According to research, soil moisture content decreased, protein content in brown rice increased, and upland rice was about 30% higher than rice; in inorganic components of brown rice, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and manganese content The decrease was due to the decrease in water content. The decrease was at most manganese. The effect of soil texture on the rice taste was demonstrated by the fact that the rice produced in the alluvial soil had a good taste, and the loam produced by the tau soil had a good taste. 6. The effect of some cultivation techniques on rice quality showed that the planting density had a significant effect on amylose content. As the density decreased, the nutrition area of ​​single acupuncture points increased and the amylose content increased. The effect of the content is less; the water is drained after heading and can effectively increase the protein content; the protein content of rice slightly increases with the delay of the harvest period, especially in the 30 days after heading compared with 20 days. Harvesting time and harvesting methods are closely related to rice quality. The closer to mature harvest, the lower the content of rice amylose and protein. Premature harvesting has poor taste, too late harvest results in a lower value of starch disintegration, and rice has poor taste due to dryness or showering. In addition, cracks can be increased too early or too late. 7. Effects of pesticides on rice quality The impact of pesticides on rice quality is mainly reflected in the impact on rice hygiene quality. Sanitary quality refers to the fact that rice is not contaminated by pesticides, chemicals, etc. In the production process, pesticides sprayed by disease-preventing insecticides and herbicides used in field weeding are absorbed into rice and remain in the rice grains after harvesting. If the pesticide application amount is large, the application period is unreasonable, and the method is improper, rice will be contaminated. If the pesticide residue exceeds the prescribed standard, it will cause harm to the human body. Second, high-quality middle-quality rice cultivation and high yield supporting technology 1, selection of high-quality high-yielding varieties of rice quality is mainly determined by the genetic factors that are varieties, and varieties play a very important role in yield. However, the production practice shows that among the existing varieties, the yield is often higher and the quality is lower. For example, the yield potential of hybrid high quality rice is generally higher than that of conventional high quality rice, but the quality of the two is often opposite. . In addition, there are differences in disease resistance, high yield, and adaptability among varieties. Therefore, when selecting varieties, it is necessary to select suitable high-quality rice varieties according to local economic conditions and ecological conditions. 2. Scientifically determine the quality of good quality cultivation programs The quality of rice is the unity of genetics and the environment. Genetics are the basis of high yields, and the environment affects its performance. According to studies, it has been known that meteorological factors, soil texture, soil moisture, fertilizers, pesticides, and cultivation and management measures all affect the quality and taste of rice. The rice produced in the same high-quality rice varieties in different seasons may have different grades; different planting densities will cause differences in amylose content; different nitrogen levels will affect the level of protein content; Different species require different planting densities; for the same high-quality rice variety, the required density is different due to different seasons; the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer distribution depends on the seed species and seasonal variation. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the best quality cultivation program for a specific high-quality rice variety. 3. Implementing cultivation and cultivation measures According to the relationship between the characteristics of high-quality rice and cultivation measures, in line with the requirements for high quality, high yield and hygiene, the following common cultivation measures should be mastered. (1) Suitable sowing, uniform sowing and dilute sowing, cultivation of strong and strong. Timely sowing and timely transplanting are the key to winning the high yield of high quality rice. The seeding period arrangement should focus on the temperature conditions of the heading, flowering, grouting and fruiting period. According to actual conditions in Sichuan Province, in determining the sowing date, the Pannan Rice Region should be sowed early in time and sown in the end of February and early March. The Panxi Rice Region should be sown from late March to early April. The area is planted in mid-and late March, so that the high-temperature weather in summer and drought is missed during the grouting and grain-filling period, and the production cuts and poor quality are avoided due to high-temperature ripening. Diluting seeding and cultivating strong bred is one of the key measures for good quality cultivation. The criteria for strong and prosperous are as follows: The roots are white and white, the base is thick and flat, and the seedlings and green leaves are not drape. The age is appropriate and uniform. Dry, strong, and castrated larvae have the characteristics of early growth, no obvious returning green period, high effective tillering rate, strong resistance, and high seed-setting rate. Therefore, dry rice seedlings and cast seedlings are best used for high quality rice production. The sowing amount of the dry seedlings was sown in 180-200 g seedlings of hybrid rice buds per square meter of seedlings. High-quality conventional rice is broadcasted in 45-50 grams per square meter of seedlings (converted into dry valley). When seeding, sow seeds with a sowing machine so that the seeds are evenly distributed. In addition, materials such as “dry nurses†and “strengthening agents†can be used to simplify the traditional breeding programs for dry and eel breeding, and one-time bed soil disinfection, acid adjustment, chemical control, and fertilization can be achieved to achieve the purpose of nurturing and strengthening the brawn. . (2) Appropriately sparsely planted and reasonably arrange planting density. Rice planting density has a greater impact on rice quality. Under the premise of ensuring fertility, appropriate thinning, increased ventilation and light transmission conditions, and increased nutrient area per plant can increase polished rice rate, polished rice rate, and reduced chalkiness rate. In terms of specific practices, the dry nursery shall adopt narrow lines with narrow lines and east-west direction. High-quality hybrid rice may plant 500-1000 litters less than normal hybrid rice per acre. Seedlings cast 1.5-1.8 million litters per mu depending on the seedling age. High-quality conventional rice per acre basic seedlings 100,000 _140000 seedlings is appropriate. Density can be appropriately increased for varieties with a compact plant shape suitable for dense planting. (3) Apply more organic fertilizer and control nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. The basic principle of fertilization is to apply more organic fertilizers and to control nitrogen and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The moderately fertile plots of Mushi 8-8 kg of pure nitrogen were applied with P and K fertilizers. The basal fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, with 20_30 gram of green manure or 40_60 gram of manure per acre, and 25 kg of superphosphate; urea 8_10 kilograms, potassium chloride 6_8 kilograms of tiller manure, seedling fertility in the period of young panicle differentiation and booting, and grouting. The use of urea for the top dressing is better. (4) Scientific irrigation and drainage, and later heavy management. Water slurry management is of great significance to improving the yield and quality of high-quality rice. The water slurry management in the early stage of high-quality rice production aims at reducing ineffective tillering and reducing the gap between the main panicle and tiller panicles, thus laying a foundation for improving rice quality. The later irrigation and drainage measures are to increase the vitality of the root system, thereby improving the quality and output, which is the focus of the entire water slurry management. Therefore, the high-quality hybrid rice that requires shallow water to promote the late drought breeding and sparse planting should be properly suntanned during the tillering period, and should not be re-sunshine. High-quality conventional rice and the quality of hybrid rice transplanted should be sufficient for seedlings to lighten the sun, reduce ineffective tillering and increase rice strain resistance. Inverted ability; young panicle differentiation, heading and filling stage should be shallow water irrigation, should not be cut off prematurely, dry season should be drought irrigation, so as to avoid dehydration prematurely affect the appearance of rice quality and cooking and eating quality; grouting maturity to do wet and dry Strong seed; yellow ripening drainage field to promote ripening; harvest, do the field anhydrous, so as not to impair the quality of rice soaked in water. (5) Comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases. On the one hand, high quality rice production should minimize the damage of pests to rice plants and grain, in order to increase rice plumpness, polished rice rate, and reduce chalkiness. On the other hand, it is necessary to reduce the amount of pesticides and strictly control the high toxicity and residue period. Long pesticide varieties ensure the hygienic quality of rice. Therefore, prevention and control should be based on agricultural control and comprehensive prevention and control strategies (ipm), specific measures: First, to select disease-resistant seed; Second, do a good job of field fertilizer and water management; Third, do a good job in forecasting; Fourth, scientific selection of pesticides And to improve the method of drug use, to change the leaf spray mainly for the deep application of pesticide or rice root area medication, supplemented by spraying the leaves. (6) Harvest in time to prevent exposure. Harvesting in time can prevent changes in the internal structure of rice and is an important part of the production of high-quality rice. Generally, early rice has a high temperature in the late mature stage. If it is not harvested in time, it will not only increase chalkiness, affect the rate of polished rice, but also cause the gelatinization temperature to increase and the gel consistency to harden. If the late rice meets the low temperature and does not harvest in time, the rice moisture content will be fully mature when the moisture content is 19%-21% (yellow ripening period). At this time, the total rice yield and polished rice rate are higher and the flavor is the best. Dry in time after harvest. Harvesting or improper drying methods in the presence of dew or rain may cause cracks in the rice grains and cause fungal infections and mycotoxin contamination. Exposure to high temperatures in strong sunlight can cause rice stripes to occur and reduce the rate of polished rice. Therefore, it is necessary to change the strong sun exposure to dryness, air-drying, or intermittent sun drying to prevent the rice from breaking and improve the rate of whole polished rice. Where conditions permit, the effect of mechanical drying is better.