Grape cutting seedlings
First, nursery choice to choose a nursery, should be convenient, close to the water, flat terrain, deep sandy loam soil, but also leeward, easy water supply, drainage, groundwater level is not high. To avoid the establishment of nurseries on soils with heavy or light sandy soils that lack organic matter. The nursery should have plans to divide the communities according to the species to be propagated, prevent the varieties from mixing, and rotate in conditional places, planting legumes for 1 to 2 years to restore soil strength, which is conducive to the growth of seedlings. Second, cuttings prepared in conjunction with winter pruning, in accordance with the plan of breeding varieties, cut full maturity, full of buds, no damage, no pests and branches. Cut out the slivers according to 5-6 buds, trim off the tip and tendrils, and then press 50-100 sticks according to different varieties, ligating them into bundles, and labeling the varieties. Third, the cuttings are usually stored in a raft or a cellar, and the location of the storage should be high-drying, shade-cast, and low groundwater level. Inserts should be sprayed with 5 degree lime sulfur for disinfection. 1. Gully: After selecting a good location, dig 1-2 meters wide, 1-1.5m deep, the length of which depends on the amount of ramming, and then erect it in the ditch, fill the bundle and bundle with wet sand, and tie With the bar, it can be one or two layers, cover with 30cm wet sand. Every 2 meters with a straw to keep exhaust vents. 2. Cellar: You can use the local fruit cellar and vegetable cellar. Humidity should be kept at 80% and the temperature should be 0-5°C. Fourth, pre-insertion treatment In the spring when Daejeon grapes begin to sprout, the storage rods are removed for processing. When cutting grape seedlings with single buds, 2 buds, 3 buds and longer can be used, cuttings with 2-3 buds are generally easy to manage. Insert the cuttings from the trench (inside the pit) before cutting, and cut them in front of the 2-3 buds. If the interval is too short, leave 1-2 more buds. The length of the cuttings is about 15cm. Cut from the 1-1.5cm from the terminal buds at the upper end of the cuttings. Cut into a horse-shaped shape at the lower end of the cuttings near the eyes, tie them together in bundles of 50-100 pieces, and press the lower cuts together. Soak in water for 24 hours so that the cuttings absorb enough water to facilitate survival. Fifth, cuttings rooting reminder root is divided into warm rooting, drug priming, rooting can be divided into electric heating heating, fire and heating. 1. Fire cockroach reminder: The temperature is controlled between 25-28 °C, do not exceed 30 °C. The operation process is to put the soaked cuttings in turn on the surface of the fire. Most of the cuttings are buried in wet sand and exposed to the top of the wet sand. Between the bundles and the bundles are separated by wet sand. The gaps between the inserts are also filled with wet sand. A thermometer is inserted at a fixed point on the fire to check the temperature of the fire. The structure of the fire is: dig three trenches under the surface and ditch. The depth is 20cm, width is 25cm, and the middle one is the main flue, extending from the flaming mouth to the front. The ditch on both sides is the auxiliary flue, the main and the auxiliary flue are about 30cm apart. The same is at the front of the fire, and the main and auxiliary flueways are trimmed into a gentle slope. The smoke has returned to the dragon's water outlet, the upper smoke outlet (chimney), the auxiliary engine bed on the flue, and a layer of soil to fill it. The bed width is 1.5cm and the length is determined by the quantity. Fire management: The focus is on temperature and humidity. Keep the bed temperature at 25-28°C, do not exceed 30°C, keep the humidity at 80%, cover the agricultural film on the surface of the pit, cover with straws during the day, and control the temperature below 15°C. After 15 days or so, the base of the cutting insert forms white. The callus, some of them also grow young roots, then stop heating, and then exercise the cuttings for 2-3 days, you can go to Daejeon cuttings. Note that the roots of the cuttings have just been formed into callus, and the young roots are not grown to facilitate survival. After the rooting, they are generally cut in early May. 2. Electrothermal hotbed priming: The electric heating bed should be selected in the cold and shaded place. The bed is 40cm deep, 1.2m wide and 5-10 meters long. Spread 2-3cm thick sawdust on the bed to prevent heat dissipation. Cover it with a layer of fine soil or wet sand, about 5cm thick. After the fine soil or wet sand is flattened, put on the wooden frame of the cloth heating wire (the size of the wooden frame is just placed in the bed), the wooden frame is screwed with 5cm spacing on both sides of the wooden nail, and the heating wire is wrapped around the iron . After the cloth is finished, wet sand is 3-5cm thick. Put the cuttings on this layer of wet sand. The cuttings should be filled with wet sand or wet wood to maintain the humidity. The temperature is generally controlled using a temperature control device. The two ends of the electric heating wire are connected to the temperature control device, and the temperature sensing head is inserted into the base of the cutting insert in the bed. It is also possible to insert a thermometer in the bed and observe the temperature requirement directly in the same way as the fire trigger (25-28°C). Care should be taken to maintain the temperature at the base of the cuttings and callus and radicles can be formed after about half a month. 3, pharmaceutical reminder root: growth regulators to promote rooting, have a significant effect. One ten-thousandth of an aqueous solution of indole acetic acid, indole acetic acid, or indole butyric acid is commonly used for grape rooting. The base of the cutting insert is soaked in the solution of the growth agent for 4 hours at the base for 24 hours, and then directly inserted. If the roots of the cuttings or hot wire hot roots are further processed by the rooting, the cutting survival rate is higher. Some can also increase the concentration of the drug solution and shorten the soaking time. For example, soaking the base with 1 in 4% of indole acetic acid for 1 minute, or soaking for 5 seconds with 80% of indole acetic acid. The cuttings treated with the growth regulator can form adventitious roots in advance after cutting, and can increase the number and thickness of roots and improve the quality of the seedlings. Six, open field cutting seedlings exposed ground nursery time is in mid-late April, ground temperature of 15 or more is the best period, cutting seedlings generally use ridge plug and cutting two. 1, ridge plug: ridges from east to west, ridge distance 50cm, ridge width 30cm, ditch depth 20cm or so, both sides of the ridge by 10-15cm insert the plug obliquely in the ridge, the top buds and the ground, flat buds up, and then One-time irrigation perfume. 2. Cutting: 1cm wide, 5-10cm long, 3 rows of furrows in the furrow, insert the insert into the furrow, the top buds and the ground flat, after the plug water, until the water seeps, in the noodles On the sand. 3, post-cutting management: In the bud before generally not watering, so as not to reduce the temperature, is not conducive to rooting, poor water retention, pay attention to watering in the bud before the drought, seedlings should be strengthened during the growth of fertilization, watering, cultivator, weeding , Usually top dressing 2-3 times, mainly in the early stage of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer in the later stage, as far as possible to enrich the growth of seedlings, but also pay attention to the occurrence of pests and diseases, in order to grow dense branches, mature well, leaving only one new per seedling Article, leaving two leaves on the top shoot topping, seedlings grow to 30cm after the heart should be picked, to the end of August, regardless of whether the height of seedlings reached 30cm, will be topping, to promote early maturation of seedlings. Seventh, mulching the seedlings after the fire 炕 reminder roots, electric hot-rooted rooting seedlings after the nursery farmers around the extensive use of mulch covered direct cutting seedlings mulching film coverage There are two ways, namely ridge plug and cutting. 1, ridge plug: According to ridge distance 50cm, ridge width 30cm, ditch depth 20cm, east-west after ridging, the irrigation mulching, and then press 10-15cm spacing, the top buds obliquely inserted on both sides of the ridge, and then proceed Irrigation, no irrigation before germination. 2. Cutting: 1m wide and 5-10m long. After the soil preparation, cover the membrane with 3 lines of each cutting, spacing 30cm and spacing 10-15cm. Note that in order to prevent the plastic film from being punctured at the base of the cutting insert and affecting the rooting, a small hole shall be poked with a steel bar and a bamboo rod before the cutting. Then the cutting insert is inserted from the opening and the cuttings will germinate. Cover some dry soil around to prevent the film from drying and burning. Seedling management after cutting is the same as above. Eight, warm greenhouse single bud plastic bag rapid nursery nutrition bag height 16cm, diameter 5cm, leaving a small hole at the bottom for drainage. The nutritious soil is 2 parts of sandy soil, 1 part of organic fertilizer, 1 part of field soil, fully mix and put into the bag, and the soil surface after being packed is 1cm away from the mouth of the bag, and the impregnation or heating hotbed is made to put the nutrition bag tightly. After inserting water, insert the cuttings. After inserting the plug, an arch bracket is erected on the Yangshuo to cover the film. On sunny days, open the shed at both ends for ventilation. The temperature of the shed is preferably 25-28°C. Water is often sprayed to maintain the humidity. At the same time, attention should be paid to the occurrence of pests and diseases. 15 days after cutting, the cuttings begin to take root. Most of the buds grow to 10-15cm in about one month, and they can be transplanted. The water can be directly planted in a convenient place. After the nutrition bags are transported to the field before planting, the bags are torn off. , The soil does not spread, does not hurt the root system, does not slow seedlings, the survival rate is generally more than 95%. Nine, disease control 1. Downy mildew: mainly harm the leaves, sometimes found on shoots and berries. The victim's leaves began to show oily lesions, which gradually became chlorotic and turned into yellow-brown lesions, producing a layer of gray downy mildew on the back of the leaves. The disease is most susceptible to disease in conditions of high temperature and humidity, and within 2 to 3 weeks after the onset, a large number of fallen leaves make the vines unable to mature. Control measures: 1 Remove unnecessary shoots near the ground, keep good ventilation and light transmission, pay attention to drainage in the rainy season, reduce the humidity in the garden, and prevent accumulation of water. 2 The diseased leaves were found to have been removed and buried deeply. In the fall, combined with winter cutting, the garden was cleared and the litter was burned. After 3 episodes, 200 times of half Bordeaux mixture was sprayed once every half a month. A total of 4-5 injections of Bordeaux mixture were used to control the disease. After the diseased leaves are found, spray 40% EB aluminum wettable powder 200-300 times, or 25% thiram (metalaxyl) wettable powder 1000-1500 times, which is a specific drug for preventing and treating frost-borne diseases. 2. Powdery mildew: Leaves, shoots and paddles can be killed. When the leaves are damaged, light gray moldy leaves appear on the leaf surface first, and then gradually expand into grayish white, and a mildew-like fungus layer is produced, sometimes producing small black spots. The surface of the lower part of the white spot was brown spotted, and the diseased leaves curled to death. The berries were covered with a layer of white powder on the surface of the fruit, and the white powder was brown with a mauve pattern. The berries stopped growing and cracked and rotted in the event of rain. Prevention measures: 1 timely removal of diseased fruit, diseased leaves and deep burial. 2 improve ventilation and light conditions. 3 Spraying wave 5 lime sulfur before germination, spraying 0.2-0.3 lime sulfur in growth phase, spraying in high temperature and hot weather to avoid phytotoxicity. At the beginning of the disease, 25% triadimefon WP can be sprayed with 1500-2000 times solution or 40% sulphur gum suspension with 400-500 times solution, or with 0.2-0.5% plus alkali solution with 0.1% soap (100 pounds of water plus 2-5 ounces. Alkali surface plus 1 two soap), first dissolve the soap with a small amount of hot water, then add a good lye. These agents have a good effect on the control of powdery mildew.