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1. The rumen develops until the rumen is functioning properly and can maintain calf nutrition. The final product (volatile fatty acid) produced by the rumen fermentation is a stimulant for rumen development. The lack of solid food stimulation of the ruminal calf will not develop, and this technology to limit the development of rumen can be used to feed small beef cattle. It can be seen that the intake of solid foods is crucial to the development of the rumen. From the calf's intake of solid foods, normal bacteria, protozoa, and fungi are naturally established in the rumen, although there are hundreds in the rumen. Microorganisms adhere to feed pellets, but only a dozen microorganisms are the main group. Only those bacteria (anaerobic bacteria) that can ferment carbohydrates under anaerobic conditions can rapidly grow in the rumen, and the final products produced by carbohydrate fermentation (especially acetic acid and butyric acid) are important stimuli for rumen development. Therefore, intake of high-starch feed is more important for rumen development than roughage. Feeding as early as possible a highly palatable calf feed (all types of grain mixed feed) is very important to promote the rapid development of the rumen and the smooth passage of the weaning period.
2. Feeding of the calf feed begins 4 days after birth and feeds the calf feed continuously for 4 months (about 6 to 8 weeks after weaning). After the first two weeks after birth, the calf only eats a small amount of solid foods. It should try to encourage calves to eat solid calf feeds. For example: 1 Calf feed should be mixed with syrup or other nutritious ingredients; 2 Feed the calf feed in small quantities to keep the feed fresh. 8 The calf should be restricted from eating milk. The maximum daily milk consumption should not exceed 10% of its birth weight: 4 It should be clean and fresh when feeding the calf feed. Water, as the drinking water increases, the intake of dry feed will increase; 5 Immediately after the calf has finished drinking milk, put a small amount of calf feed on the mouth of the calf or the bottom of the milk can; 6 Calf Feeding material can also be fed with a teat with a teat to facilitate ingestion.
3. Early studies on the timing of feeding hay and concentrates have shown that the mix of high quality hay and concentrate is necessary for the normal development of the rumen. The effect of fiber or roughage is believed to help increase the rumen capacity and maintain the normal shape of rumen wrinkles. However, recent studies have shown that direct feeding of hay has no advantage if fed with a calf feed containing sufficient fiber content. On the contrary, because carbohydrates provide calves with acetic and butyric acids that are essential for the development of the rumen wall, carbohydrates in concentrates are extremely important. If the calf feed contains less than 25% NDF, hay should be supplied. In addition, calf feed should contain 18% crude protein, 75% to 80% digestible nutrition (TDN), Should contain appropriate vitamins A, D, and E.
There are two types of calf feed: grain calf feed and full-price calf feed. Full-price calf feed has a higher fiber content (ie, less energy) than corn feed, but both calf feeds can be combined with adult cattle feed (except urea), and full-price calf feed is better than corn. The calf feed palatability is somewhat poorer, and thus the intake is lower. Feeding the calf feed before weaning does not require additional roughage. The grain component of a calf's diet is usually coarse granules that have been rough milled. Because the feed pellets are too fine to promote rumen peristalsis, the finely ground feed is not suitable for feeding calves. Usually, 5% of the syrup can be added to the calf feed to improve the palatability. When the calf intakes 1.5 to 2.0 kg per day When the calf feeds (three months old), the cheaper concentrate mixture can be fed.
4. Weaning and weaning should be carried out when the calf grows well and consumes at least 1% of the calf's diet (500 to 600 grams for small cattle and 700 to 800 grams for large cattle). Smaller or weak calves Milk should continue to be fed. Milk should be fed once a day in the week before weaning. Most calves can be weaned at 5-8 weeks of age. Calves that feed on grain calf feeds may be better than those on full calf feeds. The calf was weaned for a few weeks. There is a greater risk of weaning four weeks ago and can result in high mortality. However, weaning increases consumption after eight weeks due to the following reasons: (1) After weaning, the calf’s feed (crude ratio) is cheaper than milk or milk substitutes; (2) Feeding only liquid foods will limit the calf’s growth, and calves can be better after weaning. The transition to eating solid feed (calf feed and roughage) will significantly increase body weight. As mentioned above, feeding the calf feed before weaning and then re-supplying the roughage would be better for the calf's nutritional needs and ruminal development. However, quality hay or silage should be fed after weaning. Components in the feed formula should be closely monitored. Especially when the feed formula contains corn silage, the feed intake after weaning increases, and weight can and should rise to long-term ideals. Level. At the age of 6 months, 2 to 2.5 kg of concentrate can be fed.
Feeding from birth to weaning calves
Fresh calves and small dairy cows that use liquid food as their main feed differ from adult ruminants in that they only have one stomach that functions as the stomach. When the calf eats milk or milk substitutes, the esophageal sulcus is closed so that the milk avoids the net—the rumen goes straight into the stomach. However, after feeding the food, the esophageal sulcus gradually loses its function, the bacterial group in the rumen begins to build, and the rumen wall begins to develop. Eventually, the small cows can use and digest the fibrous feed due to the establishment and growth of the microbiome in the rumen. , Observed 2-4 months old cow ruminating can be concluded that the rumen has a function. As young cows grow, the required pen area and feeding space increase significantly. In addition, many management measures (including vaccination, parasite treatment, artificial insemination, height and weight measurement, etc.) also require additional space. Facilities for raising older cows to be raised should meet their requirements and be easy for breeders to work. The characteristics of the cow's stables should be such that: Feeding, bedding and sanitation, animal movement and squatting. Therefore, providing and feeding solid food as early as possible, creating a good environment can accelerate the development of rumen and early weaning (5-8 weeks old).