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Anniversary cultivation and management of watermelon
With the development of facility cultivation, the growth cycle of watermelon is prolonged, and the annual cultivation of watermelon can be achieved through different cultivation periods. Based on the production experience of Mindong, the key points of its annual production management are summarized below for reference. 1. Mouthwash arrangements. Autumn and winter wolfberry greenhouse cultivation: in mid-August nursery, in mid-late September deduction film, from the end of December to next January harvest. In winter and spring, greenhouse cultivation: November nursery, planting in December, and harvesting from April to May in the following year. Spring greenhouse cultivation: January nursery, planting in February, harvested in May. Gutter arch cover cultivation: March direct sulking, buckle shed, harvested in June. Spring Watermelon in the Field: Live in April, harvested in July. Wheat bran interplanting watermelon: live broadcast in May, harvested in August. Wheat bran multiple cropped watermelon: June breeding, July colonization, harvested in September. 2. Variety selection. China has a vast territory, and the varieties of watermelons are splendid. There are large melons weighing about 10kg, and small melons weighing 2-3kg. There are yellow skin melons, green skin melons and flower skin melons. Both seed watermelon and seedless watermelon; both anti-heat melon and wet melon. In the production should be based on different cultivation methods, reasonable selection of varieties in order to increase production and efficiency. When greenhouses and greenhouses are cultivated, early-maturing varieties with strong disease resistance, low temperature resistance, high temperature, high humidity, and weak light should be selected, and due to the use of hanging vine cultivation, small and medium-sized fruit melons should be dominant, and the current production performance is better. Jingxin No.1, Jingxin No.2, Golden Empress, Greenfield No. 10, very early-mature young children, extremely early-mature Milong, Qingnong No.3. Groove-arch cover and open spring watermelon should be dominated by resistant early-maturing varieties to seize the market and raise the selling price. Zheng Za 5 and Jinchengbao can be selected for production. Mai Fu, interplanting should be based on high-yield species, you can choose Qing Nong series and Jincheng Bao, Zheng Guo No. 6, Green New Hong Bao, Red Dragon and so on. 3. The implementation of grafting cultivation method to cultivate strong seedlings. Grafting cultivation in watermelon production is beneficial to disease prevention and control. Grafting seedlings are resistant to low temperature, strong root absorption capacity, and can increase production, and should be popularized in production. When watermelon is grafted and cultivated, the rootstock can be selected from pumpkin, gourd and the like. When the seedlings are raised, the bed soil should be loose. When the grafting method is adopted, the scion and the rootstock must be raised. As the rootstock of the pumpkin, gourd seedlings after sowing fast, and cotyledon period larger body, in order to make the rootstock grafting and scion size consistent, watermelon should be sown 5-7 days earlier than the rootstock. Generally, watermelon leaves should be grafted when the cotyledon is flat and the scion is broken. When the rootstock is near the cotyledon at the upper end of the hypocotyl, it is cut obliquely at 45 degrees with the blade, which is 2/5-1/2 of the diameter of the embryonic axis. 1cm, and then in the corresponding part of the scion obliquely cut 1/4-1/2 to 45 degrees, the length of the incision equal to the rootstock, the intersection of the two sides of the incision is embedded with a small plastic clip. Should be followed by planting to increase the survival rate of grafting. When planting, fill the water first, and then gently grasp the grafting site of the grafted seedling to prevent misalignment of the interface. Place the seedling in the center of the cultivation hole and grasp the nutrient soil with the right hand to fill the root of the seedling. After the grafting, the ambient temperature is maintained at 25-30°C, the relative humidity is controlled at 90% or more, and after 3 days, the seedbed is screened; the light is gradually increased for 4-7 days; the root of the scion is cut after wound healing for about 7 days, and 1 day before cutting. Drenched water; then 15-20 days, grafted seedlings completely healed after the removal of plastic miscellaneous; melon seedlings 3-4 true leaves can be planted. When planting into a nutrient bowl, scion and rootstock incision should be 3-4cm away from the surface of the loam. After the wound is healed, when the root of the scion is cut off, the cutoff site should be close to the interface and not accessible to the ground in order to avoid adventitious roots arising from the scion. Because the watermelon is not easy to heal after being damaged by the root, it should be nursed at the right age when the watermelon is growing. Generally, it is appropriate to sow about 30 or so before planting. In addition, care should be taken to protect the root system and prevent root damage. The nutritious soil for nursery should be fertile, and the watermelon seedlings should have weak nutrient absorption ability. The nutrient soil nutrient content should be comprehensive, and can be made from pasture soil, soil and manure soil, and appropriate available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, with 2 copies of soil and 6 soils. , 2 copies of human waste soil, plus 0.5kg of urea, 0.5kg of superphosphate, and 5kg of plant ash per 100kg of nutritious soil. Temperature and humidity during nursery should be appropriate, seedling temperature should be maintained at about 25 °C, under the premise of free from frost damage, appropriate low temperature and low humidity is conducive to controlling the growth and cultivation of strong seedlings. 4. Reasonably dense planting. Different cultivation methods have different cultivation densities. When greenhouses and greenhouses are cultivated, in order to make full use of space, they should be closely planted and planted with 1,600-2,400 plants per 667 m2; the ditch-arch type cultivation and open field cultivation. When wheat is interplanted, about 800 plants per 667 square meters are appropriate. 5. Strengthen dendrite management. Due to the strong ability of watermelon stalks to grow, such as letting grow, easily cause field canopy closure, consume a lot of nutrition, is not conducive to sitting melon, and thus to strengthen the management of dendrite. Different cultivation methods, different management styles of vines, the general greenhouse, greenhouse cultivation mainly pruning, hanging vines as the management content, the greater the cultivation density, the less vines; generally single vine pruning, the main vine when the length of about 50cm began to hang The vines are tied once every 20cm. Gully arch cover cultivation, open spring watermelon, wheat crops set of watermelon, dendrite management to pruning, solid vine-based, usually with double vine pruning, in addition to leaving the main vine, leaving at the base selected a robust side vine, in the vine About 30cm in length, you can use pressure vines, increase the adventitious roots, increase their absorption capacity, and promote renewal. 6. Strengthen artificial pollination. Watermelon is an insect cross-pollination crop, artificial pollination should be strengthened in the production to ensure that the watermelon sits properly in the melon, especially in greenhouse, greenhouse cultivation, artificial pollination is the key to the success of production. As the root leaf area is small and the supply is limited, it is difficult to grow up, and generally it is not left. When the second female flower is open, it has 12-16 nodes and the leaf area is sufficient, which is an ideal position for retaining the melon. Therefore, when the second female flower is opened, artificial pollination should be strengthened. Pollinations should be conducted every morning at 6:00 to 9:00. The male flowers should be taken off, and the petal should be stripped and the female stigmas should be tapped. 7. Fertilizer management. The base fertilizer is sufficient, and generally do not apply fertilizer before sitting in the melon to prevent the plants from prospering, affecting the melons. When the watermelon eggs are large, they should be applied with swelling melon and promote the growth of the young melons. Generally, 200-300 kg of oil residue per 667 square meters, or Human excrement 2000-3000kg, or diammonium 20-30kg. Water after fertilization, fertilizer and water attack to increase production. After 15 days, top dressing is performed once. Apply about 20 kg of diammonium per 667 square meters, about 10 kg of potassium sulfate, and apply water after fertilization to facilitate absorption. 10 days before picking, the water is controlled to facilitate the accumulation of nutrients, increase sugar content, and improve quality. 8. Strengthen environmental management (1) Temperature management: Temperature should be controlled at 28-30°C during germination; 22-25°C at seedling stage; 25-28°C at ranch stage; minimum temperature above 15°C during flowering and guava stage. The temperature difference between day and night is above 10°C, and the ground temperature is above 20°C. The result is 30-35°C and the night temperature is 12-18°C. (2) Moisture management: The germinating soil should be moist, and the field water holding capacity should be 80%-85%; extending the vine to the guava period should prevent the water from becoming too large and prosperous; the watermelon swelling period should be flooded with water to promote the yield increase. The relative humidity of the air should be controlled at about 60%. (3) Increase the light: Keep the shed clean, and cover the insulation with a late cover to increase the light transmittance, extend the light time, and promote the growth of the watermelon. (4) Adjust CO2 content: Through ventilation, chemical reaction method to increase indoor CO2 concentration, promote photosynthesis and increase production. 9. Adopt integrated technology to prevent pests and diseases. Pest risk is one of the major constraints in the production of watermelons, and comprehensive measures should be adopted to prevent and control them in production. Guam should be implemented for more than 3 years of rotation, try to avoid melon fungus; selection of disease-resistant varieties, seeds before sowing with formalin, potassium permanganate soaking; application of organic fertilizer to fully decomposed. Strengthen field observations and timely drug control. Specific prevention and control measures are as follows. (1) Anthracnose: timely remove diseased vines, diseased leaves, burned or buried deeply, spray 80% dexamethasone 600-800 times, spray once every 7-10 days, and spray 3-4 times. Fusarium wilt: timely remove diseased vines, diseased leaves, planting points with lime or 50% zein zinc 400 times liquid disinfection, field spray 50% carbendazim 600 times or 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times. Downy mildew: remove the damaged leaf residue, spray 1:0.5:200 times the amount of Bordeaux mixture or use 1kg 65% onsenzinc + 1kg ammonium nitrate + 300kg of water on behalf of the mixture control agent. Powdery mildew: In the early stage of disease, the diseased leaves should be removed timely and sprayed 2-3 times 300 times sulphur powder or 70% thiophanate-methyl 1000 times. Aphids and leaf miners are sprayed with 40% Dimethoate 800-1500 times or 2.5% enemy liquid 4000 times. 10. Proper harvesting. The watermelon in the open field matures after about 30 days. When greenhouses and greenhouses are cultivated, they usually mature 45 to 50 days after sitting in the melon. The melon production period should be carefully recorded to ensure proper harvesting.