Most unconventional protein feed ingredients have anti-nutritional factors or toxins that must be handled properly. Most of them are processed by-products of leguminous seeds, and the product quality and nutritional value are greatly influenced by the processing technology, especially the amino acid digestibility and availability. Amino acid imbalance or lack of certain limiting amino acids, when replacing soybean meal in the diet, pay attention to supplement amino acids. Poor palatability, pay attention to processing modulation. One, cottonseed meal 1. Composition characteristics of cottonseed meal The nutritional value of cottonseed meal is influenced by the content of gossypol and cyclopropene fat. The fiber content varies with the degree of shelling. Little lysine in the amino acid is the first limiting amino acid and its utilization is also poor. With less free gossypol, the crude protein and lysine utilization is better. It is an excellent source of tryptophan and methionine, and its utilization is better than rapeseed meal. Vitamin A, D less. Minerals have more phosphorus, less calcium, and phosphorus is mostly phytic acid, accounting for 71%. 2, the use of cottonseed meal For pigs, high-quality cottonseed meal can replace half of the soybean meal without adverse effects, but it is necessary to make up for lysine. Poor quality or too high substitution may affect palatability and may cause poisoning. Cottonseed meal containing more than 0.04% free gossypol must be used with caution. Product instability and gossypol toxicity problems, general piglet, piglet feed is not recommended. Breeding should avoid the use of cottonseed meal, so as not to affect reproductive ability. Second, peanuts 1, the characteristics of peanut meal Peanut pods are susceptible to mold and produce aflatoxins. Peanut shell mixing has the greatest influence on the ingredients. Peanut shells contain many shells, so the fiber is high, and feeds with high energy requirements should be avoided. 2, the composition of peanut meal The protein of peanut pods is dominated by water-insoluble globulin (65%), albumin soluble in water is only 7%, and protein traits are very different from those of soybean protein. Lysine and methionine are low, and arginine and histidine are quite high. Fatty acids are mainly oleic acid, accounting for about 53% to 78%. In addition to vitamins A, D, C, other rich content. Less calcium and more phosphorus, phosphorus is a phytic acid state. Peanuts contain trypsin inhibitors, which are about 20% of raw soybeans and can be removed by heating. 3, the use of peanut meal The palatability of pigs is quite good, because lysine and energy content are low, their value is lower than soybean meal, and piglets can replace one third of soybean meal. When pigs eat too much peanut meal, there is a tendency for the meat quality to deteriorate, and the fat is softened, and the amount is preferably not more than 10%. Third, shrimp powder, shrimp shell powder, crab powder, crab shell powder 1. Composition characteristics Shrimp meal contains about 40% of protein, some of the protein comes from chitinous nitrogen, no value, and shrimp shell powder is mostly from chitin, and the utilization rate is very poor. The shrimp shell is composed of the same amount of calcium carbonate and chitin. The calcium carbonate can be used as a calcium source, while the chitin has no nutritional value. The chitin is a high-molecular-weight carbohydrate similar to cellulose because of its nitrogen content. There will be protein components in the analysis. The real protein comes from the body and internal organs and is of good quality. Shrimp flour and shrimp shell flour also contain some fat, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids, and rich in choline, phospholipids, cholesterol and other ingredients. Crab flour, crab shell powder compositional characteristics with shrimp powder, shrimp shell powder. 2. Use The use of 5% shrimp powder or crab powder in the growth and finishing pig feed can achieve good results. The effect is much better than that of meat and bone meal, meat powder, and meat miscellaneous products. Therefore, it can be replaced. Because of high ash content, chitin content, and low fat, energy is low. Should pay attention to supplement energy and calcium, phosphorus balance problem. Fourth, meat powder, meat and bone meal Meat meal and meat and bone meal are basically the same, the only difference is only in the phosphorus content, more than 4.4% called meat and bone meal, hereinafter referred to as meat meal, meat and bone meal contains more bone and therefore higher phosphorus. 1. Compositional characteristics of meat powder and meat and bone meal Meat and bone meal and meat meal are protein feed ingredients and are also good sources of calcium and phosphorus. The amino acid composition is poor, lysine and tryptophan are insufficient, and the utilization rate changes greatly, and they are easily absorbed due to overheating. There are more B12 vitamins, more niacin and choline, but less A and D. The amino acid composition of meat and bone meal and meat meal is not easy to grasp. In particular, products with high content of keratin and connective tissue have low essential amino acid content and poor protein value. 2, the use of meat and bone meal With the increase in the amount of pig feed, palatability and growth showed a downward trend, and meat and bone meal with poor quality was more pronounced. The dosage should not be too high, and 5% or less was appropriate. Generally, pig feed was used for pigs and pigs, and piglets were avoided. In short, unconventional protein feed can achieve good economic benefits as long as it can be used reasonably. If it is used improperly, it may also cause serious consequences. Therefore, it must be clearly used to understand its characteristics before use.
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