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Orchard mechanization technology
Orchard plant protection operations have basically adopted mechanical operations. Plant protection machinery includes manual and motorized sprayers (machines). This year, we also developed models such as mist sprayers and injection machines. In addition, pipeline spraying technology has begun to be applied in large areas. According to the working pressure, the low pressure sprayer (apparatus) below 686 kPa and the high pressure sprayer below 980 kPa. (A) Mist and its operation 1. The structure and working process of the misting machine The misting machine is also called the blasting misting machine. It uses the high-speed airflow generated by the fan to blow the misty droplets from the nozzle again. It is finely fogged and flows with the airflow to the leaves of the canopy and to the inner canopy of the canopy. The droplets can be classified into smoke (5 to 10 micrometers), fine mist (20 to 100 micrometers), mist (100 to 150 micrometers), ordinary fog (150 to 300 micrometers), and rain fog (300 to 500 micrometers) depending on their diameters. Micron). When the droplet diameter is smaller, the density per unit area increases, the slower the droplets settle in the air, and the stronger the adhesion to the leaf surface. The orchard mist assembly consists of a tractor (with a rear output shaft), a medicine box, a liquid pump, a fan, a nozzle, and a pipeline. The working process is that the liquid medicine is given a pressure under the action of the liquid pump and the small-aperture nozzle, and then an atomization is obtained, and then a certain degree of vacuum formed by the strong wind discharged by the axial fan is used to obtain the secondary atomization, ie, It atomizes and homogenizes, and forms a certain width of the mist fan in the longitudinal direction of the unit, which is then transported to the various parts of the tree under the “carrying-shaking†effect of strong winds. 2. Operation Procedure and Precautions for the Mist Sprayer (1) Before the operation, the diesel engine and the liquid pump should be inspected according to the requirements of the instructions. Check whether the connection parts are loose and leak and check the lubrication condition of the diesel engine and the diaphragm pump. (2) The two air chambers of the diaphragm pump are respectively inflated to 506-608 kilopascals according to the regulations, and can be used for about 20 cycles with the air pump. (3) The medicine tank shall be filled with clean water for test spraying, and the spray volume shall be approved to determine the fan wind speed and the unit's calibration speed. (4) The medicine tank plus liquid must be filtered to prevent debris from clogging pipes and nozzles. Close the lid tightly after adding the medicine. (5) Start the tractor and fan power first, adjust the amount of air according to the test spray conditions, open the distribution valve, pull the decompression handle of the liquid pump to the pressure position, and the mist sprayer can start working. The unit travel speed should be selected according to tree vigor. The turning of the ground head does not have to close the valve. The liquid pump handle is pulled to the decompression position, and mist can be stopped. (6) When there is no wind, the crew will operate in the tree line; when there is wind, the unit can be set close to the tree line in the upwind direction. When the wind level is large, you can use the wind to work unilaterally or after the wind stops. (7) Turn off the fan power throttle after each tank is used up. (8) After the daily operation is finished, the residual liquid medicine in the medicine box should be cleaned, then add fresh water, start the liquid pump to clean the medicine box, the liquid pump, the spray head and all the infusion tubes, and then shut down and drain the water, and the unit Scrub the surface clean. Check whether there is any leakage or looseness at each joint, and whether the parts are lost or damaged so as to repair it in time and ensure a good technical condition. (9) The well-maintained equipment should be placed in a dry, ventilated, cool place, covered with plastic sheeting to avoid sun and rain. Be careful not to get close to the fire. (10) After a work season, carefully clean, inspect all working parts, and perform thorough maintenance. The existing misting machines are available in 3MD-700, 3WG-1000 and 3GM-600 types. Among them, 3GM-600 type, supporting 18 kilowatt tractors, the medicine box volume is 600 kilograms, the productivity can reach 0.9 hectares/hour. Vertical range of 7 meters, a horizontal range of 18 meters, the flow of the drug pump 70 liters / min, fan air flow 21000 cubic meters / hour. (B) orchard pipe spraying technology Orchard pipe spraying is a rapid spraying technology. The method is to bury plastic pipes in the ground and send the liquid medicine to the vicinity of the fruit trees. The drug pump pressurizes and sprays the spray guns to spray the medicine at the same time. The disease is eliminated at high speed and in a timely manner. 1. The system consists of dark pipe spraying technology consists of two parts: the engine room control system and the underground pipeline system. The engine room control system consists of a water source, a power source, a drug pool, a motor, and a drug pump, and is operated by one person. The underground piping system is made of high-pressure, corrosion-resistant plastic pipes that run from underground to all corners of the orchard and then return to the ground (this section is called a pole) according to the control range of each spray gun. Generally, the control range of each pole is up to 0.1 to 0.2 hectares. At work, the drug pump is started, and the drug solution in the drug pool is injected into the underground pipeline by high pressure and sent to the designated location. The control area of ​​a group of drug pumps is 13.3 to 33.3 hectares. Orchards below 10 hectares generally use 2MB 240 diaphragm pumps, and more than 10 hectares use 2MB 240 diaphragm pumps as drug pumps. The underground high pressure hose is connected to the spray gun and receives the liquid from the pole. The number of guns can be increased or decreased (as the case may be), with up to 10 more. 2. Operation effects and examples The use of pipe sprays allows the mobile plant protection team not to enter the ground and solves the difficulty of planting orchard machines into the ground. At the same time, the speed of fighting drugs has accelerated. A set of pipe-drilling equipment can carry 6 to 8 spray guns at the same time, which saves the use of mixing drugs and adding water to and from labor. The daily work volume can reach more than 6.5 hectares, which is twice as effective as ordinary plant protection machinery. This technology is applicable to all kinds of orchards and has a dedicated pipe buried pipe for operation. The entire project can be used for more than 30 years. According to experiments, after the adoption of this technology, the good fruit rate increased by more than 15%, and the output increased by about 10%. (3) High-pressure trunk injection technology uses sprayers (mist) and misters, etc. The liquid (powder) cannot fully cover all parts of the tree, leaving some pathogens to survive and reproduce, and fail to achieve complete control. purpose. On the other hand, the scattering of a large number of pharmaceutical products not only causes waste, but also seriously pollutes the environment, posing a threat to human and livestock safety. The high-pressure trunk injection technology abandons traditional spraying methods and effectively solves the limitations of the above plant protection operations. It uses a mechanical method to directly inject liquefied liquid into the tree with high pressure. The medicinal liquid injected into the tree body quickly reaches various parts of the tree under the physiological activities of the plant and the transpiration of the leaves. It kills pathogens in a timely and effective manner. The liquid medicine injected into the tree will not be scattered on the ground and will be washed by rain, so it is safe and effective. The operation is also relatively simple and convenient. At the same time, the liquid fertilizers and hormones needed by the trees can also be injected into the trees to supplement the nutrients needed by the trees. 1. Structure and technical parameters Tianjin has developed this type of liquid injection machine. The model is J2～3. The liquid injection machine is generally composed of a base, a hydraulic pump, a pressure gauge, a storage bottle, an injection head, and an infusion tube. 1 to 2 people can use it. The single tree injection (50-150 ml) takes only 2 to 5 minutes to complete. The main technical parameters are: Working pressure 3 MPa Single injection volume 25 ml Dimensions 130260160 mm Handle length 550 mm Quality 9 kg This machine is lightweight, portable, easy to move. There are three types of needles (also known as drills) that can be used with trees of different diameters. 2. Operation procedure (1) Pressure seal test should be performed before use: Connect the parts, conduits, etc. of the liquid injection machine as required. Fill clean water, close all control valves, and press the handles to raise the pressure to 3 MPa. Then check the connections for leaks. Make sure that no leaks open the valves and clear water to prepare for formal operations. (2) Prepare the liquid: Prepare the liquid (or nutrient solution to be injected) as required. Connect the liquid inlet pipe of the liquid injection machine to the medicine box (vial bottle), and repeatedly manipulate the handle, constantly pressurize, drain the machine, transport the air and residual water in the pipe, and fill the whole machine and pipeline with medicine (nutrient solution). The continuous outflow of the liquid at the quick release fittings shall prevail. Close the control valve and wait. (3) Drilling and installing the needle: In the trunk without scratches, drill a small hole vertically by hand. The diameter of the hole is determined by the diameter of the trunk, and the hole is deep to 10 to 40 mm. Drain the wood chips in the hole. After the small hole is cleaned, select the matching needle to screw it into the hole and tighten it. Pay attention to the depth of 5 to 10 mm in front of the needle in the hole. (4) Injection: Connect the discharge tube to the needle and tighten it. Then open the control valve, lift the handle to the highest position, then slowly press down to the lowest position, the liquid into the tree. After each pressurization, inject 25 ml of the liquid and press repeatedly until the amount of liquid required. During the liquid injection operation, the pressure gauge should be observed at any time, the pointer must not exceed 3 MPa, and the injection speed should be controlled. After the injection of liquid is completed, the control valve is closed immediately to prevent the outflow of liquid, affecting the accuracy of the next injection of liquid volume. Immediately afterwards, the quick connector and needle were unscrewed, transferred to the next tree, and then injected. (5) Maintenance and storage: After the injection of liquid is completed in each shift, clean the machine and the pipeline repeatedly with clean water to remove the remaining liquid. Dry the body for your next use. When storing for a long period of time, the water should be drained off, coated with anti-rust oil, and placed in a dry, ventilated place. 3 trunk injection precautions (1) selection of drugs: to use strong absorption of pesticides. Such as 40% dimethoate EC, 40% omethoate EC, 25% dimeicide, 25% insecticidal water repellent, 75% warm carbofuran powder and so on. The liquid concentration should be higher than that used for spraying. Generally, the concentration of the systemic drug is controlled within 20%, and the temperature is high, the age of the tree is short, and the concentration at the pumping stage should be lower, 10% to 15%. The sterilizer concentration should be controlled between 5% and 10%. (2) Injection period: It can be carried out from the beginning of the sap of the fruit tree in spring to the period before the fall fruit tree enters the dormancy period. April-August is the best time. Do not use drugs for 40 days before collection to avoid contaminating the fruit. Using high-pressure trunk injection technology, the prevention and control effect can reach 90% or more. After 12 hours of treatment, a large number of poisoned worms can be seen landing and the efficacy is rapid. Compared with the conventional coating method, the drug efficacy period is extended by 2 to 3 times, saving 30% to 50% of the drug use, and improving the ergonomics by 30%. According to the test, after the apple tree is injected, the rate of aphid reduction can quickly reach 100%, and the drug efficacy period can be extended by 20-30 days. Therefore, the use of drugs can be reduced by 1 or 2 times, and a single injection of water can save more than 90%. (D) the rational use of pesticides and pesticides machinery 1. Spraying methods (1) rinse: After the drug is sprayed, the entire fruit trees should be washed like a rain shower. This generally refers to the lime sulfur in early spring. Because the fruit trees are in dormancy, the buds are still not moving, and the pests and diseases are mostly hidden in the bark and bud scales. Leaching sprays can be sprayed on both, and they are easy to infiltrate with drugs to kill the overwintering pests. . (2) Closed type: Its spray type is sprayed from the internal malleium and then closed. This method is mainly targeted at moth pests, such as pear small heartworm. Because most of the insect moths are buzzing in the canopy during the daytime, they are sprayed first to disrupt the takeoff, and then sprayed for four weeks to help kill pests. In particular, the junction must be sealed so that the fly moth cannot enter the crown. (3) Uniform: The spray dose is not much, but it must be uniform. The inside and outside of the canopy, the front and back of the blade are as far as possible stained with drugs, which is particularly suitable for killing pests with chewing mouthparts, and is convenient for improving drugs. Lethality. (4) Atomization: Protectors such as Bordeaux fluid must be finely sprayed, uniform, and fully sprayed. The nozzle is not far from the blade, so it is easy to form small droplets and produce a layer of film. It really protects. (5) The key type: Some pests have a heavy spot on the hazard sites. Therefore, when spraying pesticides, they can focus on spraying. Like the red spider, focus on the back of the leaf; pear pods, focus on the shoot; anthracnose focus on the fruit spray. 2. Safe medication (1) Drug safety: Pesticides generally have some toxicity, some are highly toxic, and must be used with safety. Wear masks and gloves when dispensing and spraying, and wash your hands with soap immediately after spraying. Keep the container of Sheng-Yi in a safe place to avoid poisoning. (2) Cleaning equipment: pesticide equipment should be cleaned after use to prepare for reuse. One can prevent poisoning and the other can facilitate the storage of equipment. (3) Take advantage of the favorable timing of drug use: various pests and diseases have different occurrence patterns. In different stages of growth and development, their habits and sensitivity to pesticides are often very different. Therefore, we must do a good job in investigating and forecasting pests and diseases, seize the weak links in the process of growth and development of pests and diseases, and timely spray pesticides to achieve a multiplier effect.