The Significance and Practice of Improving the Quality of Chinese Medicinal Herbs
Biotechnology is one of the fastest-growing and most dynamic high-tech frontier disciplines in this century. It has good potential for application in the improvement of Chinese herbal medicine varieties. At this stage, cell engineering technology is relatively mature, and applications are possible. More sexual. At present, the biotechnology breeding work widely carried out at home and abroad mainly includes the following aspects: 1. Haplotype sport species Since 1964 Guha et al. obtained the anther anther haploid plants, the Haplotype species has caused a great deal of international concern. Great attention has been given to the fact that countries have carried out research work in this area and have obtained haploid plants in rice, wheat, rapeseed, alfalfa and many medicinal plants, a total of 70 genera and 206 species. The United States, Japan, Canada, India, China, Australia, and some international research institutions have all attached great importance to the value of this technology in breeding applications. They have applied it to breed improvement and have obtained some excellent varieties for production. The selection of new varieties through haploid breeding has its own unique advantages. The obvious traits from the parents can be displayed in the contemporary. The homozygous diploid can be obtained by doubling chromosomes. This is a faster way to cultivate new varieties. China has also done a lot of work in anther culture of medicinal plants. In 1979, green plants were first induced in China with yellow pollen, and the obtained plants were identified by chromosomes. In 1980, it was reported that the whole plant was successfully cultivated with anthers from Aconitum. In the same year, the plants were also cultured with pollen of sputum pollen, and chromosomes of the pollen plants were identified. In 1981, the cultivation of anthers in Ningxia was successful and pollen plants were obtained. In 1985, non-pollinated ovary cultures of Ningxia were used to obtain regenerated plants, and new types of homotetraploids were identified from them, laying the foundation for breeding new varieties and new types of alfalfa. In 1986, ginseng and Fritillaria were successfully cultured in anthers and regenerated plants were obtained. Second, polyploid breeding chromosomes are the main carriers of plant genetics, so the ploidy changes in the genome is an important aspect that causes plants to produce large genetic variation and produce new varieties. Plant polyploids generally have the giant nature of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits, and have strong resistance to stress and high levels of medicinal components. This is precisely the purpose of high-quality, high-yield breeding of medicinal materials. Therefore, medicinal plants The multiplied sports species have higher application value and potential for yield increase. For example, calamus forms various types of diploid, triploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid in long-term natural variations. According to chemical measurements, the oil content of the rhizome, the chemical composition of the essential oil, and the content of calcium oxalate in the plant are all related to chromosome multiples. The diploid does not contain (-asanone, and the triploid contains 20% to 30% ( - A mixture of asarone and cis-isoleucinol, tetraploid oil contains twice as much as triploid (-asarone. According to Japan's Koji Ryohiko reports, the weight of the tetraploid crude of Datura stramonium is At 1.72-fold of diploid, the total alkaloid content was 1.76 times that of the diploid, showing superior effects of multiple times of the species.The content of Tetraploid Artemisia halodendron Middle Mountain reached 2.46%, while diploid Artemisia only contains 0.8%, and the annual content of tetraploid Zhongshan Road is three times that of diploids. In addition, Japanese scholars have also cultivated the tetraploid varieties of chamomile, and its chamomile content is diploid 1.2. At times, the flower volume is 2.3 times that of diploid, so Japan has used polyploid breeding as an important breeding method for medicinal plants and has been widely used. China has also carried out multiple breeding times for Chinese angelica, Achyranthes bidentata and Radix isatidis. Obtained new varieties and achieved better yield increase. Obtained with plants and seeds Ploidy is successful, but there are disadvantages such as a large workload and the appearance of chimerism, etc. In tissue culture, the callus embryogenic body or clustered shoots are treated with a mutagen such as colchicine to obtain polyploidy. Plants are a better way to induce polyploidy. Over the past decade, our teaching and research office has successively undertaken the bulk of Danshen, Astragalus, Bupleurum, chrysanthemum, and mint given by the Ministry of Science and Technology, the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the Science and Technology Department of Jiangsu Province. The research topics of the biotechnical multiplied sports species technology of medicinal herbs, after ten years of efforts by the research team members, has completed the breeding work of the polyploidy varieties of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Radix Scutellariae as scheduled, among which the polyploidy varieties of Salvia miltiorrhiza have been In 1995, it passed the scientific and technological achievements appraisal of the State Drug Administration, and was listed in the National Science and Technology Ministry’s key scientific and technological achievements promotion project in 1996. It has been widely demonstrated and promoted in Tiansili Salvia drug source bases in Jiangsu Province and Shaanxi Province. The quality-enhancing and quality-enhancing effects of the Astragalus polyploidy have also been applied for the identification of scientific and technological achievements by the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, and In the process, the multiplied sports species work of Bupleurum, Chrysanthemum, Peppermint, and Platycodon grandiflora is also underway and has achieved satisfactory results. Now taking Danshen and Huangqi as examples, the quality problems in the current production of medicinal herbs and our biotechnology The introduction of the actual quality-enhancing effects of the multiple times of sports species: Salvia miltiorrhiza is a major medicinal material in China, which is made from dried rhizomes and used as a medicine, which has analgesia, promoting blood circulation, clearing away heartburn and nourishing, and is mainly used for diseases of the cardiovascular system. Since it has been widely used in clinical and pharmaceutical preparations, there is a great demand at home and abroad.The production of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhiza is mainly rooted and cut, and the varieties are degenerate and mixed. The yield and chemical composition of Medicinal Herbs are declining year by year, and the quality is not guaranteed. The tanshinone IIA content of Salvia miltiorrhiza can not be lower than 0.2%, but at present, the content of tanshinone IIA in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae is only 0.05% to 0.15%, which is lower than the level prescribed by the National Pharmacopoeia for a long time. After eight years of hard work, the cultivation of fine varieties of authentic varieties of Salvia miltiorrhiza is cultivated. After years of trial planting and identification, the tanshinone IIA content of the polyploid fine variety Salvia miltiorrhiza has reached 0.3% to 0.4%, which has met and exceeded the requirements of the national pharmacopoeia for quality indicators. The content of Danshensu is also 80% higher than that of ordinary Danshen. The excellent variety grows vigorously in the field, neatly and with high purity. The root herbs are of purple color, uniform in thickness, and high in appearance quality. They have reached the special grade or the first grade standard, and have truly met the requirements of high yield and high quality. While successfully breeding polyploidy varieties, we adopted tissue culture rapid propagation technology to reproduce a large number of plants for demonstration and expansion experiments, resulting in higher economic benefits and long-term social benefits in large-scale promotion. Astragalus membranaceus is also our country's main medicinal material, perennial herb, rooted into medicine, mainly produced in North China, especially in Hebei Province, Chengde best, in addition to domestic sales every year, a large number of exports to Southeast Asian countries, North America and Europe. The main effective component of Astragalus is baicalin, which has antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antipyretic, antihypertensive and anticancer effects and is widely used in clinical practice. The current development of artificial cultivation of Astragalus membranaceus is very fast. Generally, it uses ramets and seeds to breed. For a long period of time, only the species has not been selected, the species has been mixed, the species has been mixed, and the content of chemical components has continuously declined. According to the provisions of the National Pharmacopoeia, the baicalin content of Radix Astragali can not be lower than 8.0%, but most of the baicalin content in Radix Astragali is only 6.0%. To this end, we applied new techniques in tissue culture to cultivate excellent varieties of authentic Astragalus membranaceus in Chengde, Hebei Province. After six years of hard work, we cultivated a variety of Astragalus species with high yields and good medicinal materials. After two years of trial planting and identification. The content of baicalin in the polyploidy variety Astragalus membranaceus has reached 12% to 15%, which has met and exceeded the quality index requirements set by the National Pharmacopoeia. At the same time, the yield has increased by 120% compared with the original Astragalus membranaceus, and it has truly reached high yield and high quality. Claim. At the same time, we used tissue culture and rapid propagation technology to reproduce a large number of plants for demonstration and expansion experiments, which showed strong growth, orderliness, and high purity. The root herbs were dark yellow, uniform in thickness, and high in appearance quality, reaching special grade or first class standards. Large-scale promotion will produce higher economic benefits and long-term social benefits. The research and practice of the multiple times of sports topics of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Radix Astragali have proved that the polyploid breeding has special application value in medicinal plants, especially for Chinese herbal medicines with agronomically dominant roots and stems, and the yield increase effect of herbs is significant, which is the breeding of Chinese medicinal herbs. Work opens up effective breeding methods. We organically combine the advanced techniques of biotechnology and traditional breeding techniques, and introduce the mature breeding experience in agricultural research into the breeding of medicinal plants. We must fully consider the special requirements of medicinal plants and focus on the excellent strains that have been induced. The determination of the chemical constituents of the root herbs and the comparative test of yield, the excellent strains selected from them not only have good agronomic traits and high yield, but also have high content of effective chemical constituents of the medicinal materials, and the quality of the medicinal materials reaches the special grade or the first grade standard. At the same time, we established and optimized a full set of methodologies for tissue culture, rapid propagation, and root transplanting of medicinal plants. Once a good variety or strain of medicinal plants is obtained and cultured on the best medium, a large number of clustered shoots and cloned plantlets can be produced in a short period of time, and then transplanted to field production, using cloning technology, for one year In the rapid breeding of hundreds of thousands of high-quality seedlings, in order to promote the production of large-scale strains of large-scale supply of technical support. Our many years of research and practice have proved that the application of biological new technologies for the cultivation of fine varieties of Chinese herbal medicines (including multiple breeding and other breeding techniques) and the rapid propagation of clones, and then the establishment of large-area production bases according to the national GAP requirements is fundamental. The effective way to solve the current problem of quality of Chinese herbal medicines. Only by solving this source problem will other problems (including proprietary Chinese medicines made from Chinese herbal medicines) be solved.