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The soft-shelled turtle is popular in the domestic and foreign markets because of its high nutrition, medicinal value and delicious taste. It is favored by consumers. In recent years, due to the sharp decline in natural resources, the contradiction between supply and demand has become increasingly prominent, and the price is high. As a result, soft-shelled turtle farming has mushroomed throughout the country. The soft-shelled turtle breeding is divided into natural breeding and warming cultivation. In winter, the unheated natural culture method requires 4-5 years to develop a soft-shelled turtle. Breeders have seldom used it, but the soft-shelled turtle raised in a winter warming pond can be moved to the outdoor pool when the water temperature rises in April. Natural breeding. Warming culture is a kind of quick-breeding culture with 12 to 14 months of cultivated commercial quail. It is necessary to maintain the temperature of the bred water at about 30°C and not allow the fleas to hibernate. The problems encountered in the nutrition and feed of turtles have also become increasingly prominent. If these problems are not solved, they will bring great economic losses to the livestock industry. In order to promote new technologies to the vast number of turtle farmers, we will introduce issues such as nutrition and feed in the artificially intensified cultivation of soft-shelled turtles.
First, the nutritional needs of soft-shelled turtle
1. The nutritional requirements of soft-shelled turtles Like all farmed animals, soft-shelled turtles also need protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients to maintain their normal growth needs.
(1) Proteins Proteins are the main constituents of animal bodies and are essential for the growth and development of soft-shelled turtles. The soft-shelled turtle's demand for protein is generally high in the juvenile period. As the individual grows up, the demand also gradually decreases, and is affected by many factors such as protein quality, raw material granularity, and water quality conditions. According to Japanese scholar Kawasaki Yiyi, China's aquatic industry experts Wu Zunlin, Xu Xuyang, and Cheng Hao learned that at 28-30°C water temperature, the protein requirement for juvenile clams is 50%; young clams (50.77-61.90 g) are Under water temperature of 21.5-31.5°C, the optimum feed protein content was from 47.32% to 49.16%, and the optimal protein level of larvae (117.66-151.67g) was from 43.32% to 45.05% at 28-34°C.
The soft-shelled turtle has a strong ability to use animal protein, and has low utilization of plant protein. When the ratio of animal to vegetable protein is 6.0-6.5:1, the feeding and attracting effects of the soft-shelled turtle are good. The soft-shelled turtle has certain tolerance to plant proteins. Its content is less than 15%. The soft-shelled turtle normally ingests and grows well. When it exceeds 15%, growth is hindered. When it exceeds 30%, it causes severe discomfort, reduced food intake, and even stops feeding. In the animal protein feed, the white fish meal has the best effect, and the amino acid composition of the white fish meal is comprehensive and reasonable. The fishy smell has attracted and promoted the ingestion of the soft-shelled turtle.
(2) Fat fat is an important source of energy and essential fatty acids. It is also a carrier of fat-soluble vitamins. Phospholipids play an important role in the structure of cell membranes. Cholesterol is a precursor of various steroid hormones and has important physiological functions. . The soft-shelled turtle has a higher energy demand than other aquatic products. This is because turtles' amphibious land-based movement consumes more energy than water sports. The soft-shelled turtle is a uric acid-type animal and has more energy loss in protein catabolism and excretion. In addition, the digestive utilization rate of carbohydrates in the soft-shelled turtle is not high, so it is very necessary to properly add oil in the alfalfa feed, which can increase the energy source, can also provide the required fatty acids, and can also improve the palatability of the alfalfa feed. Kawasaki Yoneichi (1986) found that vegetable oils containing a large amount of linoleic acid (18:2ω6) had the best growth-promoting effect. Adding 3% to 5% corn oil to the compound feed can increase the feed efficiency by 1.5 times.
(3) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates, also known as sugars, function not only as energy but also as feed binders. Kawasaki Yoshikazu (1986) found that in the carbohydrate α-starch, dextrin, sucrose, and cellulose, the use of α-starch was best, and the highest rate of increase in α-starch content was 20%. The feed efficiency was highest at 30% of α-starch. Xu Xuyang et al. (1991) reported that the suitable requirement for alpha-starch in turtles was 22.73%-2.27%, and the amount of cellulose added should be less than 10%. The demand for carbohydrates in young turtles was slightly lower than that in adult turtles.
(4) Vitamins Vitamins are organic compounds with a very small molecular weight and are classified into fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. The vast majority of vitamins are the basic components of coenzymes and prosthetic groups. It is involved in biochemical reactions and various metabolisms in animals. The lack of vitamins in animals results in the deregulation of certain enzymes, leading to metabolic disorders and the normal functions of certain organs in the organism. The soft-shelled turtle grows slowly and suffers from various diseases. Kawasaki Yoshikazu (1986) reported that from the growth rate point of view, the lack of vitamin b6, niacin, and vitamin b12 resulted in poor growth and development of the soft-shelled turtle, loss of appetite, thinness, and reduced fertility. In order to promote the rapid growth of soft-shelled turtles, it is essential to add complex vitamins to the feed.
(5) Inorganic salts Inorganic salts are necessary for the formation of turtle bones and are indispensable for the formation of cellular tissues. It is also involved in the regulation of osmotic pressure and pH, participates in the metabolism of coenzymes, and participates in the formation of hematopoietic and hemoglobin. Mushrooms, such as the lack of inorganic salts, not only affect the growth and development, but also cause some diseases.
2. Particularity of the nutritional requirements of soft-shelled turtles The soft-shelled turtles are amphibians and reptiles. They are distinguished from fish and terrestrial animals. The use of various nutrients by turtles is also different from that of fish and terrestrial animals. Therefore, turtles have different nutritional needs. Fish and terrestrial animals. For example, soft-shelled turtles have higher protein and fat requirements than fish. In terms of energy supply, terrestrial animals first digest carbohydrates to supply energy, followed by protein, while soft-shelled turtles first digest fat to supply energy, followed by protein and carbohydrates. The utilization of starch for turtles is very low. The demand for inorganic salts is also different from fish and terrestrial animals.
Second, the soft-shelled turtle feed With the development of artificial turtle breeding, soft-shelled turtle natural feed because of its limited source, easy to spoil it is difficult to save, is gradually being replaced by full-priced compound feed. The whole turtle feed is based on the nutrient requirements of different growth and development stages of the soft-shelled turtle using nearly twenty raw materials.
In the current aquafeed, the nutrient content of squid compound feed is the highest, and at the same time, the squid compound feed is similar in usage to the soft-shelled turtle feed. Therefore, some farming units mistakenly used carp feed instead of turtle feed to raise turtles. In addition, some feed manufacturers use soft-shelled turtle formulas to produce soft-shelled turtle feed without understanding the nutritional needs of soft-shelled turtles. This practice will not only affect the palatability of the soft-shelled turtle, increase the feed coefficient, but also cause the turtle to have a nutritional disease.
Considering the nutritional requirements and palatability requirements of soft-shelled turtles, the raw materials of soft-shelled turtle feed consist of nearly twenty kinds of raw materials.
a. Fishmeal: Fishmeal is the main animal protein source for soft-shelled turtle feed. The company imports Alaskan white fish meal from the United States. This fish meal has good freshness, many active factors, low fat content, protein content as high as 65-70%, fat content of 2-5.5%, contains a lot of essential amino acids such as methionine, lysine, fish flavor is very strong, attracting effect Excellent, best suited for growth and development of soft-shelled turtles.
b. Expanded Soybeans: Soybeans are the vegetable protein source with the amino acid structure most suitable for the turtle's nutritional needs. Due to the higher fat content in the turtle's nutritional needs, we chose full-fat puffed soybean as the vegetable protein source for the soft-shelled turtle diet.
c. Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Due to the high protein content in yeast (more than 50%), it is also rich in b vitamins and unknown growth factors.
Therefore, yeast is an indispensable feed ingredient in turtle feed.
Α-starch: Imported α-potato starch is used because of its best effect on α-starch use. At the same time, α-starch is superior to other adhesives in terms of viscoelasticity, stretchability, binding force, water absorption and swelling properties. .
d. Beef liver powder, mussel powder, squid viscera powder: Because of the taste of such raw materials, soft-shelled turtles are very fond of, and the combination of these raw materials constitutes an attractant for the soft-shelled turtle. At the same time, the protein structure of these raw materials is a globular protein structure and is easily absorbed by turtles.
e. Feed premixes: Feed premixes include multivitamins and complex mineral salts, which are trace amounts of feed, but they play an important role in balancing feed nutrition, improving feed efficiency, and preventing all types of nutritional diseases in turtles. effect.
2. Processing technology:
Because soft-shelled turtle feed has strict requirements for feed particle size. The processing and production of soft-shelled turtle feed has fineness of more than 100 mesh.
3. Quality control of soft-shelled turtle mixed feed The quality control of soft-shelled turtle mixed feed should be based on feed quality standards, but due to the fact that the production of soft-shelled turtle mixed feed has just started in China, there is no uniform quality standard. Some feed mills even control the quality of soft-shelled turtle feeds based on their quality standards. Some feed mills also add a lot of oil and grease to increase the antioxidant content and prevent the palatability of the feed.
Third, feeding technology
1. According to the feeding characteristics of the soft-shelled turtle, the soft-shelled turtle feed is powdered. Before feeding, feed water (in a ratio of 1:1 to 1.2) and lumps, or add corn oil (cornon oil), and add 3% of feed. %) is subdivided into smaller groups and placed on the food table.
2. The number of feedings and feeding amount depends on the water temperature and the growth stages of the soft-shelled turtle. The temperature of the water is about 30°C, which is the most suitable for the growth of soft-shelled turtles. At this temperature, the soft-shelled turtles eat well and grow rapidly. The appetite drops below 20°C, stops feeding at 15°C, and enters hibernation at 10-12°C. Conditional breeding grounds should try to control the water temperature at around 30°C. Usually 2-3 times a day feeding, the amount of daily feeding about 3 - 8% of the turtle body weight, the specific should be mastered in the next feeding when there is no residual feed in the table prevail.
3. Feed feeding should adhere to the four principles of qualitative, quantitative, timing and positioning.
The nutrition requirement of turtle and its compound feed
The soft-shelled turtle, aliased to fish, yuan fish, water fish, etc., belongs to vertebrate animals, reptilia, chelonians, cockroaches, and genus in animal taxonomy. There are more than 30 species in this genus, all produced in temperate and subtropical Asia. There are three kinds of domestically produced quail, namely oysters, shanrui and sinensis. The common name of Chinese sturgeon is turtle.