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1 Select drought resistance of fruit trees The drought resistance of fruit trees is mainly determined by the genetic characteristics of the tree species, but also by the external environment. Pomegranate, jujube, fig and stone fruit trees were the most resistant to drought; walnuts, plums, and grapes had moderate drought tolerance; apple, pear and persimmon trees were the least resistant to drought. In the Qiao anvil, M7, MM106, etc. in the dwarfing anvil are relatively resistant to drought, such as the mountain stator, the Xifu Begonia, the wild fruit of Xinjiang, the jellyfish fruit, the Yamanashi, the mountain peach, and the mountain grape.
2 Strengthen cultivation and management measures
2.1. Proper density planting Medium density plants are generally planted, ie row spacing is 25 to 3m4m, gardens are as flat as possible, and 1 cubic meter of large pits are planted.
2. 2 Properly prune with scissors or emollient oil in time to smear scissors and saw wounds to prevent evaporation of sap, timely eradicating excess buds in spring and ineffective shoots removed in summer, etc.; implement flower setting, reasonable load, limit Yield, reducing the ineffective consumption of tree nutrients.
2.3. Appropriately apply organic manure, apply formula fertilization, increase tree vigor, and improve the drought resistance of fruit trees. Fertilization should be applied with reasonable depth to induce downward growth of roots and enhance drought resistance.
2-4 Orchard diligently and deeply plowing.
2.5. Construct terraces and fish scale pits on hillside, dry slop lands and orchard orchards, carry out contour planting, accumulate rainfall into the rows and under trees, increase the local water use capacity, and increase drought resistance.
3 Orchard Covering Grass Technology
3.1 Orchard Covering an orchard cover consists of cover film and grass cover. The former is usually conducted in March-April, when the spring is arid and windy. When covered, it can be forward or only under the tree disk. The potted cover has a good water storage effect; the plastic film can increase the soil temperature, which is beneficial to the improvement of the physiological activity of the root system in early spring, promote microbial activity, accelerate the decomposition of organic matter, and increase the soil fertility; the film can also significantly improve the survival rate of young trees. Promoting the growth of new shoots is conducive to the rapid expansion of the canopy; in addition, it also promotes fruit ripening and inhibits the growth of weeds. The main role of grass cover is: to optimize the soil environment, improve soil fertility, inhibit weed growth and reduce the use of labor, improve fruit yield and quality, reduce the damage caused by part of the overwintering pests. It can be conducted throughout the year, preferably in summer (May). The thin and dry land covers more when the temperature of 20cm soil layer reaches 20°C. Wheat straw, wheat bran, weeds, leaves, crop stalks, and chopped firewood can all be used to cover grass in orchards. The number of orchards covered with grass is 1,000 to 1500 kg/667 m2 for grass cover, and 2000 to 2500 kg/667 m2 for grass cover. The production of tree trays and grass cover is recommended. Before the grass is covered, a 40- to 50-cm rake or work channel is built between the two rows of trees. The tree slats are leveled so that they are slightly higher near the trunk, leaving about 20 cm around the trunk when covering the grass. Voids, in order to make the water along the trunk and cocoon penetrate into the soil as soon as possible; at the same time before the combination of deep-rolling or deep-buried water, applying nitrogen fertilizer 0 2 ~ 0 5kg / strain, to meet the microbial decomposition of organic matter on nitrogen fertilizer needs. The thickness of the grass cover is 15 to 20cm. After covering the grass, the soil is pressed on the hillside to prevent wind blows and fire. When covering the grass, it is best to take care of fresh coverings after the initial rot in the rainy season. After covering the grass, many pests inhabit the grass. Attention should be given to spraying herbs on the grass to play a concentrated trapping effect; autumn should clear up fallen leaves and diseases under the trees. Branches, prevention of early defoliation, leaf leaf moth, anthrax, etc. occur. In addition, summer grass cover (to be carried out in May, about 1500kg of grass, thickness is maintained at about 5cm), cover the way to fall into the ground when autumn basal fertilizer, this is a good kind of grass cover technology in the plain area.
3.2. The orchard The State Ministry of Agriculture decided to promote white clover to the whole country. The grass is a perennial plant, the ability of seeds to land on the natural regeneration, growth time is about 8 years, with shade-tolerant properties, can grow normally in the environment of 30% light transmittance, it is suitable for orchard planting. After becoming a flat, it has relatively developed lateral roots and stolons. Compared with other weeds, it has strong competitiveness, has a certain cold-resistance and heat-resistance capacity, and adapts to soil pH values ​​from 45 to 85. It can be used in China. The growth in large areas, its advantages are: improve the soil, improve soil fertility, inhibit weed growth, regulate ground temperature, improve the growth environment of fruit trees, prevent soil erosion, enhance biological control capabilities, reduce pest and disease incidence, improve fruit tree yield and quality; Combining development and improving overall economic efficiency. Sowing: It can be used throughout the year, preferably in the spring and autumn. Because its optimum growth temperature is 19 ~ 24 °C, so the spring planting can be in the middle and late March, the temperature can be stable at 15 °C above, the fall is generally in mid-August to late September to late September, autumn good mood Weed growth is weak, which is conducive to the growth of white clover to ping, so it is more suitable than spring sowing. Before weeding, weeds and debris should be removed from the line and turned flat. The cover should be 1 to 2cm shallow. Usually the seeds are sprinkled on the surface and lightly pinched. The sowing volume is 0 4 to 0.6 kg. /667m2. During the seedling stage, the soil is kept moist, supplemented with a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and the weeds are promptly removed. After the turf is established, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are added, and the water is properly watered in the long-term drought. Update: The main measures for updating are cutting and turning over. The white clover is used for planting, the plants are low, generally about 30cm, and can be castrated when the height is up to about 20cm, and the sting is not less than 5cm. Eli reborn. It can cut 2-4 times a year (the newly built grass is best not to cut in the first few months), the cut grass can be covered on the spot, and can also be used as pasture grass feed. Every time you cut, you have to add fertilizer. After grass is aged for about 5 years, the grass has been aged and should be ploughed in time. After 1 to 2 years of leisure time, it is reseeded. It is advisable to use late autumn in the deep turning period and pay attention to prevent damage to the roots of fruit trees.
4 hole storage fertilizer and water mulching technology hole storage fertilizer film covering technology, simple and easy, less effective investment, with fertilizer, water-saving features, generally 30% fertilizer can be, saving 70% to 90%. In the thin soil layer, the application of hilly land without watering conditions is particularly effective. This is an important drought-resistant and water-retaining technology in arid orchards. The specific technique is as follows: The crop straws or weeds are bundled into straws of 15 to 25 cm in diameter and 30 to 35 cm in length, placed in water, or soaked in 5% to 10% of urine. In the crown projection edge inward 50 ~ 70cm at the depth of 40, the diameter of the storage point slightly larger than the grass holding point (the hole is circular around the root), according to the size of the crown to determine the number of storage points, the diameter of 3 5 ~ 4m digging 4 points; 6m diameter digging 6 to 8 points. Place the grass stem in the center of the hole, and use the soil mixed with organic fertilizer to step around (5 soil miscellaneous fertilizer per hole, add 150g superphosphate, 50-100g urea or compound fertilizer), and water it in proper amount, and then sort the tree. Plate, so that the nutrition points below the ground 1 ~ 2cm, the formation of a plate-like, watering 3 ~ 5kg / hole can be covered; the old agricultural film cut flat, covered in the tree plate, and cover the nutrition hole in the film , compacted with soil around and in the middle, each hole covers the film 1 5 ~ 2, the edge of the film with soil pressure, the center is wearing a small hole on the top of the grass, blocked with stones or soil, in order to catch fertilizer or water in the future Rainwater, generally after the flowering (mid-May mid-term), the new shoots stop growing season (mid-June), and after fruit-picking for 3 periods, 50-100 g urea or compound fertilizer is applied to each hole, and the fertilizer is placed on the top of the grass. Immediately watered about 3 5kg. Into the rainy season, the mulch can be removed to store rainwater in the cave. The general storage and maintenance of acupuncture points can be maintained for 2 to 3 years. The grass should be changed once a year. The damage to the plastic film should be promptly replaced. When the storage of acupuncture points is re-established, the position can be changed, and the whole park can be gradually improved.
5 Implementation of water-saving irrigation techniques include drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, micro-irrigation, and small ribbon sprinkler irrigation.
6 Application of chemical reagents
6.1 Moisture Absorption Agent Moisture absorber is a type of polypropylene that is highly absorbent and moisture-retentive. Its water absorption capacity exceeds 1000 times its own weight, and it has excellent water retention properties. Under dry conditions, its surface can form a resistive film, preventing Water in the membrane overflows and evaporates. If 100 g is sprinkled in a range of 1m2, the soil moisture can be increased by 800 times, the evaporation of soil moisture can be reduced by 75%, and water can be absorbed from the atmosphere. After a watering or raining, the water can be retained for a long period of time for fruit trees to absorb for a long time. Because it circulates in the water and the cycle of dehydration and shrinkage, it can also increase the soil porosity, prevent soil compaction, and is conducive to the growth and development of roots. KD-1 type superabsorbent resin is a new type of anti-drought and water-retaining agent developed by Qingdao Kaida Industry Co., Ltd. It is gray and opaque solid. It can absorb 100 to 200 times of water in the water. Generally extrusion will not extrude water in the soil. It can be slowly absorbed by plants and still has water absorption after drying. It can be used for many years. When planting seedlings in trees, each plant used 10 g of water-absorbing resin to absorb enough water to be buried in the roots of saplings, which significantly improved the survival rate of planting trees, and the cost per plant was only 0 25 yuan. As a result, the big tree can be applied to the trees under the tree projected area of ​​about 10 g of water-absorbing resin and fertilizer during the spring fertilization, which saves time and labor, and has obvious drought- and water-retention effects.
6.2 Most of the water absorbed by fruit trees using anti-transpiration agents is used for transpiration, and only a very small portion of the tree is used for physiological metabolism. Therefore, under the premise of not affecting the physiological activity of the tree, by appropriately reducing the transpiration of water, it is possible to achieve economical water use and increase the water use efficiency of the tree. An ideal drug that can improve the drought resistance of plants should not only promote the development of roots, but also shut off stomata to a certain extent and reduce transpiration. That is, it has both "open source" and "throttling" functions. In recent years, it has been found that fulvic acid has such characteristics, the application of fulvic acid in fruit trees, the effective period of more than 18 days, significantly reduced transpiration (up to 59%) and increased water potential (0 2 ~ 0 4MMPa), and found leaf temperature Not significantly affected. Spraying in the early stages will significantly improve the body's moisture status.
Drought-resistant cultivation and management techniques for fruit trees
The drought resistance of fruit trees depends on their own genetic characteristics and is influenced by external environmental conditions. By understanding the water demand of fruit trees, we can carry out irrigation or take some corresponding cultivation techniques in the critical period of production to moisturize and retain water and increase production.